EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW TO PASS THE DRAFTING I E.O.C (VOCATS)
BY: R. MYERS, NHS DRAFTING
UNIT I: Leadership: Competency: 001.00: Demonstrate basic business meeting skills and goal setting.
Objective: 001.01: Demonstrate basic business meeting skills. Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to familiarize students with running a basic business meeting, set personal goals, and identify career goals and opportunities related to engineering and technical graphics.
LEADERSHIP 4 questions
demonstrate basic business meeting skills and goal setting. 3% 1%
Demonstrate basic business meeting skills. 1% 1%
Demonstrate personal and organizational goals. 1%
Identify career goals and opportunities related to engineering and technical graphics. 1%
Basic Parliamentary Procedure – The complete guide to Parliamentary Procedure is Robert’s Rules of Order, Newly Revised. Parliamentary Procedure is set of rules for conduct at meetings which keeps assemblies orderly and guarantees that all people have equal opportunity to express themselves. Motions and their purposes
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Main Motion – To present an item of business for consideration and action by the assembly.
Amend – To change a main motion in some way; add to, take away from, or substitute words for.
Postpone – To defer action of a motion until a later time.
Point of order – To call attention to a mistake in correct parliamentary procedure made during the meeting.
Question of privilege – To ask a question or call attention to the assembly of an important issue during the meeting.
Division of the assembly – To revote in a specific counting method especially after using a voice vote.
Refer – To place a motion in the hands of a committee.
Previous question – To immediately stop debate and go directly to a vote.
Adjourn – To dismiss a meeting.
Terms and definitions associated with business meetings
Parliamentary Procedure – A set of rules for conduct at meetings which keeps assemblies orderly and guarantees that all people have equal opportunity to express themselves.
Item of Business – A single matter to be discussed or acted on by an organization.
Assembly – Group of persons gathered for any purpose.
Debate – Any discussion of opposing ideas relating to a motion being considered.
Minutes – The official written record of what was said and done in a meeting.
Committee – A group of people delegated to study, investigate, make recommendations, and report on certain matters.
Ad Hoc – A special committee formed to consider a single matter.
Standing – A regular committee which usually serves for a one year period to plan and carry out activities that fall within a certain subject area.
Unfinished Business – Any business previously discussed and held over from a previous meeting.
Majority vote – More than half the votes cast.
Two-thirds vote – Two-thirds or more of the legal votes cast.
Second – An indication by a member that he or she wants to consider the motion just proposed by another member.
Pending motion – The immediate motion before the assembly.
Meeting – An official gathering of the members in order to transact business.
Minority – Less than half.
Majority – More than half.
Quorum – The number of members needed to be present to legally transact business.
When President and VP are absent, the Secretary runs the meeting.
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Parts to an order of business.
(It is recommended that an order of business be developed for each business meeting. A suggestion is to follow the outline below and plug in what would be appropriate to individual business meetings.)
Opening (Call to order, emblem ceremony, pledge to the flag)
Roll call Reading of the Secretary’s minutes Treasurer’s report Committee reports Standing Ad Hoc Unfinished business
New business Program (speaker, film, etc.) Adjournment Refreshments
President runs the meetings, if he is out, VP) runs it, If both are out, Secretary runs the meeting.

Suggested guidelines to ensure a good meeting. Advance planning Start and stop the meeting on time
Follow the order of business Have well-prepared and organized committee reports. Involve all members in some way. Provide entertainment or refreshments Raps of the gavel and their purposes One rap – Everyone should be seated
Two raps – The meeting is called to orderThree raps – Everyone should stand up
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Parliamentary Procedure principles and purposes: Majority rules
Minority has the right to express opinions
Justice and courtesy for all
One item is considered at a time
Maintain order at all times
Business is transacted quickly and efficiently
Purpose of using a motion is to bring a question before the assembly for consideration.
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Steps for processing a main motion
Obtain the floor (Be recognized by the Chair by standing and saying Mr. Chairman)
Chair assigns the floor (The Chair recognizes one of the members by pointing or nodding)
Member makes the motion (states “I move that …”)
Another member seconds the motion
Chair restates the motion to the assembly
Motion is discussed/debated by the assembly
Vote is taken on the motion
Vote is announced and appropriate action is taken
Methods of voting during a business meeting:
Secret ballot or Voice – Used on majority vote motions by stating Aye or No
Show of hands – Used in smaller assemblies to count the votes
Rising – Used in larger assemblies to count the votes
General Consent – Used in matters generally understood to have no objection
UNIT I: Leadership: Competency: 001.00: Demonstrate basic business meeting skills and goal setting.
Objective: 001.02: Establish personal and organizational goals.
Personal career planning process
Self Assessment: Talents – “What do I like to do?” Skills – “What do I do well?” Values – “What do I feel strongly about?”
Personality – “Who am I?” Only YOU can determine the best career path Career Exploration Career choices, options, opportunities
Variety of school courses Career fairs and Job Shadowing Education, Experience, Certifications
Goal Setting: Short-Term Goals Generally can be achieved in less than five years Built around existing knowledge and training
Should be realistic
Long-Term Goals - Project short-term goals into the future Professionally Financially Emotionally and socially
Take Action Personal action plan Constantly evaluate action plan Lifelong Learning In a world of dynamic change, continued learning is essential To progress in any career, individuals must keep up with changes and progress
Company-provided courses Continuing education Internet courses Trade journals
Department of Labor classifies occupations into four broad categories
People: Working for the betterment of others: Teachers, social workers, childcare workers, policemen, etc.
Data: Working with numbers, information processing, policies and procedures: Accountants, computer programmers, researchers, data examiners, clerks
Things: Working with tools, equipment and machines: Cooks, air traffic controllers, carpenters, mechanics, electronic technicians, drafters
Ideas: Working with concepts, themes or inventions: Musicians, artists, composers, writers
Drafting is an occupation in the “Things” category: Drafters typically work alone or in small groups: Sharing information is necessary to accomplish tasks
UNIT I: Leadership: Competency: 001.00Demonstrate basic business meeting skills and goal setting.
Objective: 001.03Identify career goals and opportunities related to engineering and technical graphics.
Successful designer/drafter: Knowledge Skills Characteristics Education Drafting Careers Engineer Manufacturing
Electrical Transportation Fabrication Construction Architecture Public Utilities State and Local Government Armed Services
College and Universities
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Term definitions:
Career – a series of related jobs built on a foundation of interest, knowledge, training, and experience
Job – work that people do for pay
CAD – Computer-Aided Drafting or Computer-Aided Design
CADD – Computer Aided Design & Drafting
Conceptual Design and Computer Literacy skills are necessary
Prototype – an actual physical model of a product. Rapid prototyping – creates a 3D “print” of a proposed part
Basic Drafting Jobs
Drafter Trainee: Assists with drawing preparation and performs support tasks
Typically requires high school diploma including drafting classes and/or apprenticeships during high school
Junior Drafter: Prepares drawings under direction of drafting technician or senior detailer
Typically requires at least one year of high school drafting and an associate degree in drafting technology
Drafting Technician (Drafter): Prepares drawings with less supervision than a Junior Drafter
Typically requires an associate degree in drafting technology and one year of drafting experience
Design Drafting Technician: Combines design and drafting skills, interpretation of designer’s sketches and engineer’s details. Typically requires an associate degree in drafting technology and one year of drafting experience
Designer: Works with engineers and drafters to turn conceptual design into usable production drawings and specifications. Typically requires an associate degree and at least five years industrial experience, knowledge of design process and drawing requirements
Checker: Experienced drafter who checks drawings created by drafting technicians for accuracy and completeness. Typically requires an associate degree and at least five years industrial experience, detailed knowledge of design process and drawing requirements
Senior Detailer: Especially skilled in understanding details of how things work and go together, capable of detailing complex parts and making details understandable. Typically requires an associate degree and at least five years industrial experience, knowledge of drawing requirements
Engineer: Has at least a four-year degree in an engineering specialty. Must be licensed by the states in which they operate. Many specialized branches. Uses technical drawings to communicate ideas and products for manufacturing or construction.
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Most major corporations employ a complete engineering design team
Research and development personnel Development engineer Project engineer Design engineer Technical illustrator
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Branches of Engineering
Aerospace: Designs aircraft for NASA, public transportation and military applications.
May work with sub-systems, such as electrical, mechanical, structural, etc.
Architecture: Interest in building and construction
Typically, Architects and Architectural Designers have a four or five-year degree and must be licensed by the states in which they operate. Additional courses of study for specializing in various fields
Landscape architects City planners Interior designers Create original designs that are pleasing to the eye as well as functional and meet client and code requirements. Drawings include floor plans, foundation plans, site plans, elevations, and specialty plans for electrical, plumbing, heating & air, etc.
Civil: Designs structures, environmental systems, and various construction projects. Arguably the oldest engineering profession. May do analysis and design for materials and structural systems for buildings, aircraft, etc.
Electrical/Electronic: Designs electric power devices, controls, mechanisms, and electrical systems.
Works with power transmission, analog and digital circuits, and communications.
Mechanical: Similar to engineering with more emphasis on creative abilities of the drafter: creativity, ingenuity and technical knowledge. Work from sketches or just a memo describing a new product idea
Determine how or if ideas might work and provide accurate drawings and specifications for proposed products
Technical Illustration: Provides realistic pictorial drawings or 3D computer models of proposed new products or construction that show how a proposed product will look and work in a way that a client with no technical training can understand. Must have a strong background in drafting principles and understand how to read technical drawings. Must have a good imagination
Entrepreneurship: Organizes and then runs a business. Self-employed, often working at home from a computer. Some subcontract specialized jobs. Positive aspects include job satisfaction, good income, you are in charge. Negative aspects include financial risk, long hours, no guarantee of success
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Workplace Skills:
Soft skills involve getting along with others and working well with them. Employers want employees who follow policies and procedures
Dress code Attendance Promptness Form good habits while still in school Personal Relationships Maintain good relationships with employer and coworkers Take genuine interest in people who work around you
Respect that people come from a variety of cultures
Attitude Maintain a positive, enthusiastic attitude Others may judge you on your personal attitude as well as your work Try to see yourself as others see you. Be willing to learn. Communication Skills. Communicate clearly and precisely. Understand spoken and written instructions from others. Give clear instructions verbally and in written form. Explain potential problems effectively. Use appropriate body language. Demonstrate good telephone etiquette. Use good e-mail etiquette
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Self-Management: Manage work with minimal supervision, be a “self-starter”. Recognize problems related to work, identify causes, develop and implement solutions. Punctuality, dependability, reliability
Time Management: In business, time is money, Develop a work schedule, Determine deadlines as realistically as possible, Maintain a project calendar
Ethical Behavior - Principles of conduct that govern any group or society, Deal honestly with employers and coworkers, Respect company property, Keep company information confidential, Maintain personal integrity, while honoring the values of others
Leadership: Take responsibility by joining organizations and becoming a worker while still in school
Good leadership requires people skills, Good leaders must know how to follow directions, Be aware of codes, laws, standards and regulations that apply to work
Teamwork – The ability to work as part of a team is a critical employability skill,
Involves two important concepts
Cooperation - Team members must work together to achieve a common goal
Communication - Essential for work to go smoothly
Cooperative work, sharing knowledge and skills within the group results in higher quality of work
Assess knowledge and skills within the group - Responsibilities delegated effectively
Periodic evaluation of team performance will help the group stay on track

UNIT II: Sketching Competency: 002.00Demonstrate basic sketching skills and techniques. .
Objective: 002.01: Explain the concepts related to sketching.
Introduction: As instrument drawing becomes less prevalent in industry, the ability to create accurate technical sketches becomes more important. The curriculum team feels that it is critical for students to be able to communicate technical information through different types of sketches. This unit will cover the purpose of sketching, materials needed for sketching, techniques for sketching, importance of proportions, the types of sketches, and differences between isometric, oblique and perspective sketches.
SKETCHING 10 questions
Demonstrate basic sketching skills and techniques. 4% 6%
Identify the concepts related to sketching. 1%
Explain the concepts related to sketching multiviews and pictorials. 3%
Construct an isometric sketch. 2%
Construct an oblique sketch. 2%
Construct a multiview sketch. 2%
Sketching - Explain the following: The purpose of a sketch is to quickly and easily get an idea on paper. Sketches can take the form of the following:
Design sketches - Design sketches are rough sketches that are used to quickly capture an idea. They tend to have less detail, structure and restrictions than freehand or technical illustrations.
Freehand technical sketches - Freehand technical sketches can be multiview or pictorial sketches. This type of sketch usually includes more detail and structure than design sketches. They also typically include dimensions.
Technical illustrations - Technical illustrations include more detail, structure, and restrictions than other types of sketches. The objective here is to create a sketch that looks as close to the final object as possible. Only pencil and paper (plain or grid) are needed to make a sketch
Techniques for sketching: straight lines angles circles
Sketches must be proportional. Use aids when sketching (pencil as measuring device to divide lines equally or proportionally-------------------------------------
Types of sketches : Single-view 2D Multiview 2D Pictorials 3D
Explain the following:
A multiview sketch shows different views of an object as seen from different positions and arranged in a standard order.
Pictorial sketches show height, width and depth of an object in one view. XYZ
The three basic types of pictorials are isometric, oblique, and perspective.
Explain the following terms, concepts and procedures for isometric drawings:
In an isometric sketch the three axes are equally spaced 120° apart. The prefix "iso" means equal.
The isometric axes are most often positioned so that the receding lines are 30° off the horizontal. Other positions are possible depending on what surfaces of the object are being emphasized.
Circular shapes will typically appear as ellipses in isometric sketches. Ellipses must be oriented according to the plane in which they appear.
Lines parallel to the isometric axes are called "isometric lines". You can measure along these lines.
Lines that are not parallel to the isometric axes are called "non-isometric lines". You cannot measure along these lines.
A standard angle measuring device such as a protractor cannot be used to measure angles in isometric. Angles are drawn by locating their end points.
Explain the following terms, concepts and procedures for
oblique sketching:
The front view is normal to the viewer's line of sight in an oblique sketch. A circle drawn on the frontal plane will appear as a circle. A curve drawn on the frontal plane will appear true shape. Circles and curves appearing on the side and top planes will be distorted. Receding edges can be sketched at any angle except vertical or horizontal but are usually drawn at an angle of 30°, 45° or 60°. The long side of an object should be shown in the frontal plane to lessen distortion.
Cavalier oblique pictorials are drawn or sketched at full depth. Cabinet oblique pictorials are drawn or sketched at a reduced depth (usually half).
Explain the following terms, concepts and procedures for perspective sketching:
The most common types of perspective drawings are one-point perspective and two-point perspective. = Vanishing point
A perspective sketch is the most realistic of the pictorial sketches because it appears the most natural. Features that are farther from the observer appear shorter than features closer to the observer.
The receding axes converge at the vanishing point and are not parallel as they are in isometric and oblique drawings.


UNIT III: Basic Drafting Skills. Competency: 003.00 Demonstrate basic drafting skills and techniques.
Objective: 003.01: Explain the correct use of manual drafting equipment and supplies.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to give students a basic understanding of the equipment used for instrument drawing. Although instrument drawing is now rare in industrial settings, the curriculum team feels that the concepts in this unit are important because they give students a good foundation for CAD activities. This unit will cover traditional equipment, the types of scales used in various professions, drawing scales, and the importance of precision and accuracy when producing engineering and technical drawings.
BASIC DRAFTING SKILLS 10 questions
Demonstrate basic drafting skills and techniques. 5% 5%
Explain the correct use manual drafting equipment and supplies. 2%
Explain correct lettering technique. 1%
Demonstrate correct drawing procedures. 2%
Construct a single-view drawing. 5%
Equipment - Identify and demonstrate the use of the following equipment: 45° triangle 30° X 60° triangle Adjustable triangle T-square OR Parallel edge
Drafting Machine = Horizontal lines Arm/elbow type Track type
Drawing Board/table, Compass, Dividers, Brush, Erasing shield, Protractor, Templates, Circle, Ellipse, Pencils, Mechanical, Lead holders, Wooden PENCILS, Eraser
Lead Hardness: Hard (9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H). Used for accuracy. Produce light lines.
Medium (3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B). General purpose leads.
Soft (2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B). Too soft for mechanical drafting. Good for art work.
Size (Thin - .020" or .5mm, Thick - .028" or .7mm).
Scales : Engineer (Civil) Mechanical drafter (Combination) Metric Architect
Reproduction techniques - Discuss differences between printers and plotters.
Media: sizes (U.S. customary series) A size double the smallest # = B size
types (bond, vellum, and mylar)
UNIT III: Basic Drafting Skills Competency: 003.00 Demonstrate basic drafting skills and techniques. Objective: 003.02: Demonstrate correct lettering technique.
Lettering - Explain and demonstrate the following: The purpose of neat lettering: UNIFORMITY
the most important reason is to convey information without misunderstanding
adds to the overall appearance of the drawing
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) recognizes the use of single-stroke gothic letters.
Typically all capital letters are used.
Horizontal guidelines (very light, very thin lines) keep letters the same height.
Vertical guidelines may be used as an aid to keep letters from slanting.
Typically, most letters are .125” or 3mm tall.
A uniform vertical space should be left between lines of letters.
The background area between letters should appear equal.
Fraction bar is horizontal and does not touch numbers.
Fractions are typically twice as tall as numbers.
Space between words equal to the letter “O”.
Letters are formed using a series of strokes.
UNIT III: Basic Drafting Skills: Competency: 003.00 Demonstrate basic drafting skills and techniques.
Objective: 003.03: Demonstrate correct drawing procedures.
A.Basic Drawing Skills – Identify and/or explain the following:
Aligning and taping paper to the drawing table.
Drawing horizontal, vertical, and inclined lines.
Drawing standards angles at 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° using triangle(s).
Drawing border lines and a title block.
Centering one-view symmetrical or non-symmetrical drawings in the working space.
Read a 1:1 ratio fractional, decimal, and metric scale.
Scale drawings using a reduction and enlargement scale--example: (1:2) (1:4) (2:1) etc.
Convert fractional measurements to decimal equivalents.
Add, subtract, and divide fractions and decimals.
Measuring an angle with a protractor.
Drawing arcs and curves using a compass.
Drawing arcs and curves using a circle template.
Use dividers to transfer and divide measurements.
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Alphabet of Lines - The following specifications for line thickness and darkness are based on pencil drawings and sketches. When creating plots of CAD files, some of the specifications may vary (mainly color). Students should be able to identify and explain the purpose of the following line types:
Guide lines & Construction lines (thin & light) - .020" (0.5mm) with a hard lead (eg. 4H lead).
Visible lines OBJECT LINES (thick & dark) - .028" (0.7mm) with a softer lead (eg. F or HB lead).
Hidden lines (thin & dark) - .020" (0.5mm) with a softer lead (eg. F or
HB lead). Dashes are approximately .125" (3mm) long with a .030" (1mm) space in between them.
Center lines (thin & dark) - .020" (0.5mm) with a softer lead (eg. F or HB lead). Center lines consist of long lines with a short dash spaced appropriately. Dashes are approximately .125" (3mm) long with a .030" (1mm) space in between them and the longer lines.
Dimension, Extension, and Leader Lines (thin & dark) - .020" (0.5mm) with a softer lead (eg. F or HB lead). These lines types appear on drawings with dimensions.

UNIT IV: Basic Geometric Terms and Construction Competency: 004.00 Explain geometric terms and apply geometric construction techniques. Objective: 004.01 Explain selected geometric terms.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to give students a basic understanding of 2D and 3D geometry related to technical drawing. Emphasis should be placed on recognizing geometry that exists within objects for the purpose of creating solid models within the CAD software or creating multiview drawings. This unit covers basic geometric shapes and terms and the types of constructions necessary to create and model basic objects.
BASIC GEOMETRIC TERMS AND CONSTRUCTION 10 questions
Explain geometric terms and apply geometric construction techniques. 4% 6%
Explain selected geometric terms. 2%
Explain the procedures for drawing standard geometric constructions. 2%
Construct drawings that require geometric constructions. 6%
Identify geometric shapes and terms.
Angle Definition
acute angle - An angle that measures less than 90°.
obtuse angle - An angle that measures more than 90°.
right angle - Angle that measures exactly 90°.
vertex - The point at which two lines of an angle meet.
Circle Definition
radius - The distance from the center of a circle to its edge.
diameter - The distance across a circle through its center point.
circumference - The distance around the edge of a circle, better know as the circles rim.
concentric - Two are more circles of different sizes that share the same center point.
chord - Line across a circle that does not pass at the circle’s center.
quadrant - one fourth (quarter) of a circle.
Triangle Definition
hypotenuse - The side of a right triangle that is opposite the 90° angle.
equilateral - A triangle in which all three sides are of equal length and all three angles are equal.
scalene - A triangle that has sides of three different lengths and angles with three different values.
isosceles - A triangle in which two sides are of equal length.
right triangle - A triangle in which one of the angles equals 90°.
Quadrilaterals Definition
square - Four equal sides and all angles equal 90.
rectangle - Two sides equal lengths and all angles equal 90.
trapezoid - Only two sides are equal length.
rhombus - All sides are equal length and opposite angles are equal.
rhomboid - Opposite sides are equal length and opposite angles are equal.
Regular Polygons – A closed figure in which all of the sides and angles are of equal measure.
pentagon - A five sided polygon.
hexagon - A six sided polygon.
octagon - An eight sided polygon.
distance across flats - A measurement across the parallel sides of a polygon.
distance across corners - A measurement across adjacent corners of a polygon.
Solids : Prism right rectangular (box) right triangular (wedge) cylinder cone sphere pyramid torus
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Define the followingTerms
circumscribe – The process of creating a polygon that fully encloses a circle that is tangent to all of the polygons sides.
inscribe – The process of creating a polygon that is fully enclosed by a circle at its corners.
bisect - Divide into two equal parts.
tangent - A line and arc, or two arcs that touch each other at one point only.
parallel - Two or more lines that are always the same distance apart.
perpendicular - At a 90° angle.
Geometric Shorthand Symbols Used by Drafters.  (angle)  (triangle) R (radius) Ø (diameter)
// (parallel)  (perpendicular) (square ) (centerline)
Perform the following constructions: Bisect: lines and arcs, & angles, Construct the following polygons: hexagon - Across the flats (circumscribe method), Across the corners (inscribe method), octagon - Across the flats (circumscribe method), Across the corners (inscribe method), Construct arcs tangent to: two arcs, an acute angle, right angle, and an obtuse angle , a straight line and an arc, Divide a line into equal parts

UNIT V: Multiview Drawing: Competency: 005.00 Demonstrate orthographic projection techniques and principles as they apply to multiview drawings. Objective: 005.01 Explain the concepts and principles underlying the creation of multiview drawings.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to introduce students to the theory behind multiview drawing. Orthographic projection is the technique used to represent 3D objects on a 2D surface. Students should know the theory behind multiview drawings so they will understand why views are placed in certain locations on technical drawings. This unit will cover orthographic projection theory, the selection of views, the types of lines in multiview drawings, types of surfaces, and the intersection of surfaces in multiview drawings.
Explain the following terms, concepts, and procedures concerning orthographic projection:
Another name for orthographic projection is multiview drawing.
Orthographic projection is a system that allows you to make a two-dimensional drawing of a three-dimensional object.
A box is formed by six mutually perpendicular planes of projection that are located around the object.
Lines are formed on the planes by projecting the edges of the object onto the planes. These images are called “views” or “views of the object”. Typically there are six views:
top view, front view, right side view, left side view, back view, and bottom view
Unfolding the box produces an arrangement of the views.
Third Angle Projection - This is the standard in the United States. First Angle Projection - Used by many other countries around the world. A view must be placed in its correct position relative to the other views.
The views must be aligned.
Choices of views. The most often used views are the top, front, and right side. The most descriptive view is typically designated as the front view. Simple objects can be described with only two views. Thin objects can be described with only one view and a note describing the thickness. More complex object may require 3 or more views. Use only the number of views necessary to describe the object. Views should be drawn so that they are visually balanced within the working space. All objects have three dimensions: height, width, and depth. Height is the distance from the bottom to the top. Width is the distance from one side to the other side. Depth is the distance from the front of the object to the back. The top view shows the width and depth.
The front view shows the width and the height. The side view shows the depth and the height.
Depth can be projected between views by using a 45° miter line
Lines: Edges that can be seen are known as visible lines or object lines. They are thick (.028" or .7mm), dark lines (eg. F or HB lead).
Hidden lines represent edges that cannot be seen.
A hidden line is composed of short dashes (approximately .125” or 3mm) with small (.0625” or 1mm) spaces between the dashes. These lines are thin (.020" or .5mm) and dark (eg. F or HB lead).
There are rules for hidden line placement that adds to the clarity of the drawing.
Drawings produced with CAD may violate the hidden line rules.
The “Precedence of Lines” refers to which line should be drawn when two lines coincide at the same location.
When a visible line coincides with either a hidden line or a centerline, the visible line is shown.
When a hidden line coincides with a centerline, the hidden line takes precedent.
Centerlines show the center of arcs and circles or the axis of symmetrical objects.
Centerlines are drawn with a long dash (.750” - 1.50” or 20mm-40mm) followed by a short dash (approximately .125” or 3mm) at the center, followed by another long dash.
The long dash should extend approximately .125” to .250” (3mm to 6mm) beyond the feature.
Centerlines should be thin (.020" or .5mm).
When an object is circular, two centerlines are used. The two, short centerlines dashes should cross at the center point of the feature.
One centerline is drawn where the centerline indicates the longitudinal axis of a cylinder or hole.
UNIT V: Multiview Drawing Competency: 005.00 Demonstrate orthographic projection techniques and principles as they apply to multiview drawings. Objective: 005.02 Visualize objects and views.
Visualization, Straight edges, Edges that are perpendicular to a plane of projection appear as a point. Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as true length lines., Edges that are inclined to a plane of projection appear as foreshortened lines. Curved edges project as straight lines on the plane to which they are perpendicular. Curved edges project as curved lines on the planes to which they are parallel or inclined.
MULTIVIEW DRAWING 26 questions
Demonstrate orthographic projection techniques and principles as they apply to multiview drawings. 18% 8%
Explain the concepts and principles underlying the creation of multiview drawings. 7%
Visualize objects and views. 11%
Construct multiview drawings. 8%
Surfaces
Normal: A NORMAL surface is perpendicular to two of the planes of projection and parallel to the third.
Surfaces that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as true size surfaces.
Surfaces that are perpendicular to a plane of projection appear as lines.
Inclined: An INCLINED surface is perpendicular to one plane of projection and inclined to the other two.
Surfaces that are “inclined” to a plane of projection appear “foreshortened”.
Oblique: An OBLIQUE surface is inclined to all three planes of projection.
Surfaces that are “oblique” to a plane of projection appear as “foreshortened” surfaces on all of the orthographic planes.
Intersections and tangencies): Where a plane surface is tangent to a curved surface, no line should appear where they join. Where a plane surface intersects a curved surface, an edge is formed. Where the plane surface is horizontal or vertical, exceptions to the above rules may occur.
UNIT VI: Basic Dimensioning SkillsCompetency: 006.00 Demonstrate basic dimensioning techniques.
Objective: 006.01 Identify the accepted standards for mechanical dimensioning practices.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to introduce students to basic dimensioning techniques related to technical drawing. The previous units were mainly focused on describing the shape of objects. This unit will focus on describing the size and location of features. Standards for dimensioning technique, dimension placement, and general rules for dimensioning will be covered per Dimensioning and Tolerancing, ASME Y14.5M-1994. Standards for architectural dimensioning are to be covered in Architectural Drafting II.
Although most of this unit focuses on dimensioning technique (how dimensions should look on a drawing), students should be introduced to methods for determining the critical dimensions for a part. Since most objects exist within the context of an assembly, it is recommended that teachers make the students aware of how the part functions within the assembly before dimensioning the drawing.
Identify the following standard practices for dimensioning:
Dimension lines:
Shows the beginning and the end of the measurement.
Terminated by arrowheads.
Thin line weight.
Should be broken to allow for the numbers to be inserted.
Must be a minimum of .375" or 10mm away from the object.
Must be a minimum of .250" or 6mm away from parallel dimension lines.
Extension lines:
Extend the edge of the object.
Thin line weight.
There should be a visible gap (.0625" or 1mm) between the object and the start of the extension line.
Extension lines should extend about .125" or 2.5mm beyond the last dimension line.
Leader lines:
Are drawn from a note or dimension to place where the note applies.
Are drawn at an angle (usually 30°, 45°, or 60°).
Should have a short (.125" or 3mm) shoulder that if extended, would intersect the note at mid-height.
May end with an arrowhead or dot.
If extended, the leader would pass through the center of arcs or circles (radial).
Leaders should not cross over or through other leaders or dimension lines.
Avoid making leaders parallel or perpendicular to visible edges.
Should extend from the first word or the last word of the note.
Arrowheads:
Can be solid filled or open.
Should be approximately .125" or 3mm long.
Should be approximately 2.5 to 3 times as long as wide.
Dimensioning placement for reading.
Unidirectional - recognized as standard for engineering drawing per ASME Y14.5M-1994.
Aligned - preferred practice in architectural drawing.


UNIT VI: Basic Dimensioning SkillsCompetency: 006.00 Demonstrate basic dimensioning
BASIC DIMENSIONING SKILLS 14 questions
Demonstrate basic dimensioning skills. 7% 7%
Identify the accepted standards for mechanical dimensioning practices. 4%
Explain the procedures for dimensioning mechanical drawings. 3%
Construct dimensions on an engineering drawing. 7%
techniques.Objective: 006.02 Explain the procedures for dimensioning mechanical drawings.
Procedures for using decimal and metric measurement.
Decimal inches: Decimals are the ANSI standard. Decimals are easier to add, subtract, multiply and divide than fractions.
Preferably, decimals should be rounded to two decimal places. (Unless more precision is required.) Omit zero before the decimal point for values of less than one.
Display trailing zeros equal to the drawing's precision.
Fractional inches: Used where close tolerances are not important. The horizontal fraction bar is preferred. Omit the inch mark when dimensions are all in inches.
Metric: Where linear measurement are less than 10,000 millimeters, the millimeter is the standard unit of measure. The abbreviation for millimeters (mm) is usually omitted when all dimensions are in millimeters. The period is used as a decimal point only in English speaking countries, others use a comma.
If the value is less than one millimeter, a zero should precede the decimal point.
Omit trailing zeros.
Be able to list, explain, and give examples of the following general rules of dimension placement. The number one rule of dimensioning is that of clarity.
Place dimensions where the shape is best shown.
Shortest dimensions placed closest to the object.
Group and align dimensions when possible.
Avoid duplicate and/or unnecessary dimensions.
Do not place a dimension to coincide with a line of a drawing.
Try to avoid placing dimensions inside a view.
Avoid crowding dimensions.
Avoid dimensioning to hidden features.
Place dimensions between the views to which they relate.
Lines should be thin and contrast noticeably with visible lines.
Dimensions should be included that describe both size and location of features.
The diameter of cylinders is dimensioned in the rectangular view. The diameter of machined holes is dimensioned in the circular view.

Identify , explain, and be able to illustrate the correct placement of dimensions on the following circular features:
Arcs: dimension by using the radius
The letter "R" should precede the arc size.
Circles: dimension by using the diameter The diameter symbol should precede the circle size.
Use a "X" when describing the number or quantity of circles.
Correct placement of dimensions on angular features where the angles are expressed in degrees.
A point-to-point dimension consisting of "chains" of dimensions placed end to end.
one dimension is omitted
adequate for simple parts
ANSI establishes the standard or "correct" rules regarding dimension placement when creating technical drawings.
UNIT VI: Basic Dimensioning SkillsCompetency: 006.00Demonstrate basic dimensioning techniques.
Objective: 006.03 Construct dimensions on an engineering drawing.
Requirements: Each student is required to apply basic dimensioning techniques to a drawing. 
 
 

UNIT VII: Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CAD)
Competency: 007.00 Explain and demonstrate basic CAD commands and techniques.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING 26 Questions
Demonstrate basic CAD commands and techniques. 13% 13%
Explain basic CADD terms and concepts. 1%
Explain basic 2D CAD commands. 9%
Explain basic 3D modeling commands and concepts. 3%
Construct a 2D CAD drawing. 9%
Construct a 3D CAD model. 4%
Objective: 007.01 Explain basic CAD terms and concepts.
Introduction: The purpose of this unit is to introduce students to basic 2D and 3D CAD concepts and commands. Over the last 20 years, CAD technology has advanced from only being able to construct simple 2D drawings to the functionality to create sophisticated, rendered, 3D solid models. The curriculum team feels strongly that 3D CAD should be introduced to students in Drafting I. This gives them a good foundation for the upper level courses. This unit will cover terms related to CAD, reasons for using CAD, set-up, draw, and modify commands, point-entry methods, and basic 3D modeling terms and commands. The 2D CAD material can be sufficiently covered with AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD, CADKEY, DATACAD, or the equivalent.
Identify the following acronyms:
CAD – This term has come to represent many different things. The most common are computer-aided design, computer-aided drafting, and computer aided design/drafting. The usage of the term really depends on the context. If one is producing mainly 2D documents, computer-aided drafting is probably appropriate. Computer-aided design generally reflects design utilizing a 3D modeling database.
CAM – Computer-aided manufacturing. The use of computers to control the production process. The 3D CAD database can be used to run numerically controlled machine tools
Identify reasons for using CAD in place of manual drawing:
Can reduce drawing time and improves productivity. Prevents having to make repeated drawings of often-used symbols. Improves overall appearance and readability of drawing
Allows for easy revision of drawings, Can be transmitted electronically. 3D models, as a 3D database, can be used to: generate multiview drawings
construct prototypes generate code for CAM increase visualization analyze mass properties of objects (volume, center of gravity, moments of inertia, etc.) Printers and plotters are used to produce hardcopies of CAD files

UNIT VII: Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CAD) Competency: 007.00Explain and demonstrate basic CAD commands and techniques.Objective: 007.02 Explain basic 2D CAD commands.
Identify and explain the following setup commands: Units Limits Object Snap Snap Grid Ortho Polar Layer Controls
Color Linetype Line weight On/Off Freeze/Thaw Lock/Unlock Save/Save As
Identify and explain DRAW commands used to create:
a straight line at a stated length, using the keyboard or mouse
circles arcs regular polygons ellipses text of a stated size and font lines parallel, perpendicular, or tangent to other lines
(OSNAP)
Display commands: Zoom Extents All Window Dynamic Previous Limits Pan Change layers Regenerate (REGEN)
Dimensions commands: Linear Angles Circles (diameter) Arcs (radius) Center mark/line Leaders
Modify properties (Lines & Arrows, Text, Fit, Primary Units)
Other commands used to create geometry: Hatch Blocks Polylines Divide Mirror Scale Stretch Array
Modify commands: Selection options and techniques Crossing window Window Crossing polygon
All Last Previous Remove Copy lines and/or entities to a new location Erase Fillet Chamfer Move Rotate
Trim Extend Offset Grips
Edit commands: Inquire/List (area/length) LTSCALE Break Change properties Undo Explode Polyline edit
2D Point Entry Methods: Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinates, Polar Coordinates (Distance and angle constraints), Absolute Coordinates (global), Relative Coordinates (local), Direct distance entry
Explain 3D modeling concepts: Types of modeling - Wireframe, Surface, and Solid.
Wireframe models: a. Object has no surfaces, but instead is composed of wire-like edges.
Can see through the object (transparent). Visualization of object may be difficult because it can be tricky to tell which “wires” are on the front and which are on the back. Software used for creating wireframe models may include “hidden line” features that make model visualization more understandable by hiding “wires” on the back. Is very easy and fast for computer to calculate wireframe shapes.
Surface models: Surfaces define the shape of a hollow model. Surfaces are defined by using light, color and shadow to identify surface shape.
Solid models: Objects are defined as a solid mass. May contain information about the density, mass, moment of inertia, volume and center of gravity of the object.
Set up a 3D scene and view 3D space: Basic software interface: Command line, Menu bar, Toolbars, Graphics area, Status bar
Viewports: Creating and changing viewports
Zoom and Pan Undo/Redo
Use basic Boolean commands and capabilities for 3D solid modeling.
Solid Primitives.: Box or rectangular prism, Wedge or triangular prism, Cone, Cylinder, Sphere, Torus, Ortho mode, Shade
Boolean Commands: Union (+ or ) – adds parts together Subtract or Difference (  ) – removes parts or features
Intersection ( * or  ) – Intersects overlapping volumes into a single feature Extruding 2D profiles or surfaces
Revolving 2D profiles or surfaces
Display presentations of the model using shade and basic rendering techniques.
1. Hide – hides edges that are not visible. 2. Shade – a flat coloring system that takes minimum lighting into account.
3. Render allows for more realistic and complex surfaces. includes sophisticated lighting and shadows. includes texture and bump maps. includes sophisticated backgrounds. raytracing generates reflections, refraction and more precise shadows.
Plotting and/or exporting drawings and files. Basic 3D operations that the student should be able to perform:
Generate a model by creating a profile and extruding or sweeping. Generate a model by creating a profile and revolving it around an axis along a circular path. Generate a model by using primitives and Boolean operations.
Rotate parts by understanding which axis to use and what angle is required. Shade a model (no shadows or textures required). Plot the drawing. Export the drawing.
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Sequence of learning: Basic interface: command line, changing viewports, zoom, pan, undo/redo
Solid primitives: cone, sphere, box cylinder, torus, ortho, shade
Basic editing: move, copy, rotate, delete, mirror, scale, object snap
Boolean operatives: union, difference, intersection
Rendering: properties, spotlight, render
Creating curves and surfaces: line, curve, arc, trim, join
Extruding surfaces: extrude
Revolving surfaces: revolve
Sweeping surfaces: sweep 1 rail, sweep 2 rail, rail revolve
Lofted surfaces: loft
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How to Create Student Success on VoCATS Section 007.03
Students should know that shapes are typically formed by extrusion, Boolean operations, creating a profile and revolving it, or by sweeping operations and should have experience with each of these operations. Students will be expected to know the most efficient method for 3D shape construction. For example, “Should I draw the shape and extrude or would it be easier to create a profile and revolve?” Students should be able identify basic solids and should be able to visualize the results of Boolean operations. Students should be able to explain the advantages/disadvantages of wireframe, surface and solid models.