Architectural Drafting II:  FOREWORD

This course is focused on the principles, concepts, and the use of complex graphic tools utilized in the field of architecture, structural systems, and construction trades. Emphasis is placed on the application of CAD tools in the creation of floor plans, foundation plans, basic roof plans, wall sections, and elevation drawings. Mathematical, scientific, and visual design concepts are reinforced. Work-based learning strategies appropriate for this course are apprenticeship and cooperative education. Hands-on work experiences and SkillsUSA-VICA leadership activities provide many opportunities to enhance classroom instruction and career development.Skills in communication, mathematics, science, leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving are reinforced in this course. Job shadowing is an appropriate work-based learning strategy for this course.                 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The following individuals developed the Summer 2005 Drafting Architectural II blueprint, curriculum guide, and classroom and secure test-item banks:

Robin Migliorato  Team Leader, Architectural Drafting TeacherNew Bern High School

Tony Bello            Architectural Drafting Teacher                          Havelock High School

Scott Marshall      Architectural Drafting Teacher                          South View High School

Celeste Morton    Architectural Drafting Teacher                          Scotland High School

Rhonda Myers     Architectural Drafting Teacher          Northern Durham High School

Bryant York           Architectural Drafting Teacher          Jacksonville High School

Curriculum Guide Description

Drafting Architectural II was designed to be a one unit course (135-180 hours of instruction).   This course is focused on the principles, concepts, and use of complex graphic tools utilized in the field of architecture, structural systems, and construction trades. Emphasis is placed on the application of CAD tools in the creation of floor plans, foundation plans, basic roof design, sections and details, and elevation drawings. Mathematics, science, and visual design concepts are reinforced. Work-based learning strategies appropriate for this course are apprenticeship and cooperative education. Hands-on work experiences and SkillsUSA-VICA leadership activities provide many opportunities to enhance classroom instruction and career development. Drafting Architectural II may be taught using individualized, whole class, or small team instructions, or a combination of each. Regardless of the method used, it is essential that the activities reflect the competencies and objectives of this course.

The course demands much from the students and teacher in terms of its complexity and the brevity of time in which the material is to be mastered. Because of time limitations and the amount of material to be covered, one should not teach objectives as discrete units of instruction.  Objectives must be taught concurrently within the larger context of activities. This allows for the efficient use of time as well as reflecting good pedagogy.

UNIT A:  Leadership DevelopmentCompetency: 201.00:  Demonstrate job-seeking and interview skills.  Objective: 201.01:  Identify jobs and job ethics associated with architectural drafting.

Terms and definitions

Applicant – The person applying for a job

Resume – Brief summary of one’s qualifications and work related experiences

Employment agency – Business designed to help people find work (public and private)

Garnishment – Act of withholding wages or other property to satisfy a debt

Extracurricular activities – Clubs, organizations, and other social and church groups in which one participates

Employment Wanted ad – Classified advertisement placed by someone seeking employment with listed qualifications

Interview – Meeting between the job applicant and the employer for questioning and evaluation of qualifications

Application – Printed form where an applicant provides information about job history, education, personal experiences, and references

Employer – Person representing a business that is looking for qualified workers

Want ad – Classified advertisement telling what kind of job opening is available and the desired qualifications

Qualifications – Experience, education, and physical characteristics that suit a person to a job

Portfolio – Binder containing examples of drawings, letters, etc. that show how a person is qualified for a job opening

Equal opportunity employer – Business that advertises the fact that no discrimination is practiced

Follow-up letter – Letter mailed to the employer after the interview; used to refresh the interviewer about the applicant’s qualifications and thank the interviewer

Fringe benefits – Types of services provided by the employer in addition to wages

Blind ad – Classified advertisement that lists desirable work traits and only lists a phone number, not a company name (Used so that only qualified applicants will call and the company will not be overwhelmed by applicants that just want to work for the company)

Suggestions to find out about job openings:  Classified advertisements (Newspapers and Magazines)

Employment offices (Public and Private),  Local businesses (Chamber of Commerce listing)

Check with relatives,  Check with school personnel,  Internet sites with job openings

Write a résumé:  There are many formats for the appearance of a résumé.  Choose one that best fits your needs and emphasizes your particular job skills.   A résumé should be typed, not written, and kept to one page.  Use your best English since many employers will not consider interviewing people who turn in résumés that have misspellings or grammatical errors.  Your name and address should be prominent at the top left or middle of the page at the top.  Make sure to include a phone number with area code where messages can be left.  There are things that should not be included on a résumé (eg. weight, height, marital status, photo, why you left your last job, religious and political affiliations, etc).  Your career objective should be general and not be limited to one specific job unless you are already experienced in that area.  In your educational background be sure to include all schools attended, dates attending these schools, and degrees earned.  If you include specific courses taken at one or more of these schools, make sure the courses are specific to the career objective.  List all your past employment beginning with the most recent and moving backward.  If you have little experience, you must be specific to include the skills useful to your career objective.  If there is enough space, be sure to include hobbies, interests, extracurricular activities, and awards.  List at least three people with addresses and phone numbers for references.  It is better if these people will give good references that are related to your career objective.  A résumé should be printed on bond paper; it is a very important document.

Prepare a letter of application:  Use a simple and accepted form for appearance

Neatly type the letter,  Use spelling and grammar check.  Use a good 8 ½ x 11 bond paper, not personal stationary.  Use the employer’s full name, full title, and full address,  Include your full name and address.  Include proper information.  Write to a specific person even if you must call and find out who it should be.  Be brief and specific (do not repeat information).  Cover all the points in the order of the help wanted ad.  End the letter correctly for a business letter.  Use a permanent address.  Staple résumé to the letter to make sure they stay together.  Wait one week to make a follow-up call if not contacted.  Check back about once a month for possible openings

Prepare a follow-up letter:  Qualifications /Typed using spelling and grammar check/Clean, neat, and attractive arrangement on the page/Send within two days after the interview/ Cover specific points in the letter/ Express appreciation for the interviewer’s time and interest/ Summarize briefly your qualifications and interest for the job opening/ Include your name, address, and phone number/ Make a last bid for the job by giving prime examples of your work habits/

Properly complete a job application: Use a good pen with blue or black ink/ Have a copy of your resume/ Do not hurry; review form before beginning and after completed/ Follow all directions/ Write clearly, legibly, and neatly/ Answer all questions briefly and honestly/ Questions that do not apply to you should be answered with Not Applicable or NA/ Do not make cross out marks/ Use “open” for salary until discussion in an interview

UNIT A: Leadership Development:  Competency: 201.00 Demonstrate job-seeking and interview skills. Objective: 201.02  Participate in a job interview.

Characteristics employers look for during a job interview/ Desire to give an honest day’s work for a day’s pay/ Desire to help others on the job/ Desire to improve one’s job skills/ Dependable and dedicated to the job and company/ Interested and enthusiastic about the job and company/ Proper dress for a job interview/ A first impression is a lasting impression/ Applicants are trying to sell themselves to the company in return for a job/ An attitude that ‘the “real me” is more important than what is worn today’ is a mistake because the company will probably never get to know the “real you”/ Make sure the dress fits the job for which you are interviewing/ Always dress a little better for an interview than you would for a day on the job/ Never dress too casual/ Make sure clothing is conservative and coordinated/ Consider colors, patterns, textures/ Dress as an adult/ On the day of the interview, be well groomed/ Hair should be trimmed and in place, including facial hair/ Clothes should be well fitting but not too tight and not too loose/ Make sure colognes and perfumes are appropriate and not too strong/ Leave sunglasses in the car/ Different types of documentation needed when applying for a job

Resume – A resume is a brief summary of one’s qualifications and work-related experiences

Letter of application – A letter that states the applicant’s interest in a job opening and briefly tells an employer how the applicant can help the company; a copy of one’s resume is usually included

Job application – A formal printed form on which a job applicant includes personal information, job history, education history, and references

Follow-up letter – A letter mailed after a job interview that thanks the employer for the interview and reminds the employer of how the applicant’s qualifications can help the company

Types of information that should be obtained before and during a job interview: Before the job interview/ Services or products that the company provides/ Length of time that a company has been in business/ Has the company recently expanded or changed operations?/ Position and name of person doing the interview/ Salary typical for the job at other companies for someone with your experience/ During the job interview/ Working conditions (hours, pay dates, dress regulations)/ Security measures of the company (criminal background check, etc.)/ Safety precautions of the company (safety shoes, safety glasses, etc.)/ Public relations / Fringe benefits (health insurance, dental insurance, sick days with or without pay, paid vacation etc/)/ Advancement opportunity for seniority/ List of items to take to a job interview/ Two copies of resume and references/ Driver’s license and other proof of identity/ A black pen/ Job interview guidelines/ Prepare for the interview/ Take two copies of resume/ Driver’s license and another proof of identity/ A black pen/ Interviewing practices/ Arrive approximately five minutes early/ Attend the interview alone/ Introduce yourself to the receptionist; state the purpose of the visit/ Shake hands after the interviewer extends their hand/ Sit down only after the interviewer indicates you should/ Sit quietly and let the interviewer open the interview/ Maintain good posture and good eye contact/ Do not smoke or chew gum/ Be brief, positive, and honest answering questions/ Ask questions about the job and company at the end of the interview/ Sample interview questions/ Where do you attend school? When will you graduate?/ Do you earn any of your expense money while attending school?/ How do you think your curriculum in school has prepared you for this career?/ Why did you leave your previous job?/ Are you in good health?/ What are some of your special abilities? What skills do you possess? What tools or equipment can you operate?/ What personal characteristics do you possess that will enable you to be successful in this career?/ Do you work best with other people or alone?/ Do you require attention? How does criticism affect you?/ Do you have any questions to ask us?

Computer Aided Drafting
UNIT B: Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)Competency: 202.00  Utilize Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) skills to produce drawings.  Objective: 202.01 Identify common terms and definitions relating to Computer Aided Drafting.

Plotter – A wide format printer used in drafting to print drawings created by a CAD system

Cursor - The symbol or icon which represents the current mouse location relative to the drawing window. The cursor may appear as crosshairs or another symbol depending on the CAD software used

DXF (Drawing eXchange Format) - created by Autodesk. An ASCII text file that has become an industry standard drawing file compatible with most CAD systems

Grid – A pattern of regularly spaced dots or lines that aids in the alignment of drawings. Most CAD systems have a SNAP feature that will position the cursor directly to each grid point

Hardcopy – The actual printed drawing outputted by a printer, plotter, copier, or diazo

Line - A universal CAD command used to create an entity defined by two endpoints

Line Width - A property assigned to any line, circle, curve, or arc describing how thick a line or other object appears on the screen or hardcopy

Move - An editing tool that moves entities to a different location either manually or by a set of inputted coordinates

Copy - An editing tool that copies entities to a different location either manually or by a set of inputted coordinates

Rotate – An editing tool that rotates objects or groups of objects based on a chosen point of rotation and angle

Scale - An editing tool that changes the size of an entity. Scale can be implemented by proportion/ratio or adjusted manually

Drawing Scale - The relative size at which a drawing is viewed or plotted/printed on the screen. Scale is often represented as a ratio where 1:1 = full scale; 1:12 denotes 1" = 1'-0"; 1:48 denotes 1/4"=1'-0"; etc.

Symbol Library – A collection of pre-drawn symbols or drawings that can be readily inserted into drawings in order to save drawing time

Trim - An editing tool that removes overlapping entities

Units - Units of measurement in a CAD system, which can be typically configured in metric or English

Zoom – The method of enlarging or reducing the view of images on the screen for ease of use. Zooming does not affect the actual dimensions of the object

Objective: D202.02  Construct Architectural Drawings using CAD.         The student will be able to:   Start the computer and launch the CAD software.  Create, properly name, and save a new drawing. Files should be managed so that the student can retrieve the saved drawings readily on a daily basis.  Setup or modify proper drawing units.  Create a title block with all the pertinent information.  Develop the drawing by using proper CAD techniques with drawing tools, commands, or symbol libraries.   apply dimensions and annotations to the drawing.  Create a hardcopy of the completed drawing.

Floor Plans

UNIT C: Floor Plans:  Competency: 203.00  Draw Floor Plans 

Objective: 203.01  Identify terms and definitions related to single-level residential space planning.

Terms and Definitions  

Alcove – a small room adjoining a larger room often separated by an archway

Apron – the inside trim board placed below a window sill

Bidet – a low bowl-shaped bathroom fixture with running water for personal hygiene

Breezeway – a covered walkway with open sides between two different parts of a structure

Casing - the decorative trim that covers the joint between the jamb and rough opening (inside and outside)

Cavity wall – a masonry wall formed with two wythes with an air space between each face

Closed Plan – cubicle-like rooms with little chance for overflow into other rooms

Compartmentalized – term used to indicate a water closet that is partitioned off from other bathroom fixtures

Cutting Plane – lines used to show where an object is to be sectioned

Deck – exterior floor that is supported on at least two opposing sides by adjoining structures, piers, or posts

Egress – a term used in building codes to describe access

Floor plan – architectural drawing of a room or building as seen from above

Half Bath – bathroom containing water closet and lavatory only

Header - the horizontal structural member used to support other structural members over openings

Jamb - the frame that is fitted inside the rough opening which encloses the door sash

Head jambs extend across the top of opening.

Side jambs extend vertically.

The jamb may come as part of a packaged door unit.

Laundry – a room designed for the specific purpose of washing, drying, folding, ironing clothes

Lavatory – a fixture that is designed for washing hands and face, usually found in a bathroom

Master Bedroom – the largest bedroom in a home, generally with a bath adjoining the room

Masonry – stone, brick, concrete, hollow tile, concrete block, gypsum block, or other similar building units or materials or a combination of the same, bonded together with mortar to form a wall, pier, buttress, or similar mass

Modular – building parts that have been preassembled either in a plant or on-site

Mullions -- vertical and horizontal members between window and door units

Muntins -- divide the glass into smaller panes

Open Plan – plan in which rooms are not closed off from each other; minimal walls

Plumbing Wall – the walls in a building where plumbing pipes are installed

Porch – a covered entrance to a structure

Patio – ground-level exterior entertaining area that is made of concrete, stone, brick, or treated wood

Sheathing – a covering material placed over walls, floors and roofs which serves as a backing for finishing materials

Sill - the horizontal member placed at the bottom of walls and openings in walls

Swing – the opening direction of a door opens based on the hinge location; right or left hand

Threshold - the beveled member directly under a door

Utility Room – a room that includes space for washing, drying, folding, mending, ironing, and storing clothes as well as long-term storage of dry and canned food and a freezer

Water Closet – a water-flushing plumbing fixture, such as a toilet, that is designed to receive and discharge human excrement  also known as a toilet

Floor Plans:  Competency: 203.00  Draw Floor Plans  Objective: 203.02     

Analyze accepted principles of single-view residential space planning.  Determine the owner’s needs/  The success of a design depends upon how well the structure represents the lifestyle and meets the needs of the user/  Consider the needs and desires of the client/  Prepare a list that includes design considerations and requirements:  Family structure and number/  Family or individuals’ interests and activities/  Financial considerations/  Location of lot/  Number of levels/  Architectural style/  Zoning ordinances and covenants/  Levels/  One-story homes contain no stairs. They are often more costly to build and require a larger lot./  One and one-half story homes contain a steep roof that allows for the attic to be used as living space with dormers projecting from the roof to let in air and light/  Two-story homes are economical to build due to smaller roof and foundation area/  Split-level homes are developed for a sloping lot, separating sleeping, living, and recreation on different levels/  Traffic patterns/  Main traffic areas include the halls, stairs, foyers, entrances to rooms, and exterior entrances/  Room space can be disrupted when used for passage/  Analyze traffic flow by tracing various routes through the house/  Halls: Minimum width of 3’-0”/  Consider furniture movement/  Overly long halls waste useful space/  Plan door locations to guide traffic through rooms/  Doors and openings located near a corner of a room usually result in less wasted space/  Entrances  Usually include an outside and inside waiting area/ Flooring materials should not be affected by water or dirt/ Minimum of 2 entrances/  Main house entrance/ Should be easily identifiable/  Should include coat closet/  Should include a foyer if space permits/  Size depends on size of house/  Often omitted in small houses/  Should be able to view visitors without opening a door/  Minimum entry door is 3’-0”/ Service entrance/  Leads to service areas (laundry, kitchen, utility, mudroom, etc.)/  Minimum entrance is 2’-8”/  Room planning/  Living area/  Includes the living room, dining room, foyer, recreation or family room, great rooms, sunroom, home office, den, or other gathering spaces/ Types of floor plans/  Closed/Formal plans contain access through doors or openings/  Found frequently in traditional style homes/  Open/Informal plans include partial separations or may combine several spaces (rooms) into one open area/  Area rugs or furniture provide a visual separation/  Floor height elevations may differentiate rooms/  Living room/  Size and layout is determined by its purpose/ TV room/  Center of activities/ Entertaining guests/ Furniture/ Living habits of occupants/ Limit traffic patterns through living areas/ Centrally located and near an entrance/ Consider views to outside/ Dining and entertaining are closely related and should be located in close proximity to each other./ Dining room/  Size and layout is determined by its purpose/ Closed/Formal or Open/Informal plan/ Presence of smaller eating areas/ Number of guests to be served/ Furniture/ Should be adjacent to kitchen and living area/ May be accessible to porch or deck for outside dining/ Allow ample space for serving and movement/ Sleeping area  Includes bedrooms, baths, dressing rooms, and closets  Homes are categorized by the number of bedrooms and baths.  Three bedroom homes are most common.  Often grouped together in a quiet, separate wing or level   Master bedroom may be separated from other bedrooms  Bedroom size and layout is related to furniture and function  Minimum size is 70 square feet or 9’ in any direction  Consider furniture items and size to be used  Allow space for movement around furniture  Consider planned activities  Writing  Reading  Watching TV  Hobbies  Typically, bedrooms should be accessible to a hall  Doors should swing into the bedroom  Minimum width of door to bedroom is 2’-6”  Door size should allow for furniture movement  Windows  Used for ventilation and light  Must be included as means of egress  Windows use wall space that could be used for furniture arrangement  Dressing areas  May be an alcove or a separate room  May include sinks, make-up counters, mirrors, chairs, closets, and other dressing related items  Often adjacent to master bath  Bathrooms:  Includes plumbing fixtures such as the water closet, shower, tub, lavatory (sink), and bidet  Lavatories may be wall-hung, pedestal, or countertop  Various sizes and styles of fixtures are available  Allow 15” minimum from center line of water closet to wall adjacent fixture  Plumbing wall for water closet should be constructed of a minimum of 2”x 6” studs.  May be compartmentalized  Bedrooms should be placed close to a bath or have an adjacent bath.  The Master Bedroom usually has an adjacent bath.  Bath sizes vary widely according to space available.  Minimum size for full bath is 5’-0”x 8’-0”  A half-bath contains a lavatory and a water closet  Minimum size for half-bath is 3’-0”x 7’-0”  Bath furnishings may include built-in clothes hampers, shelves for linen, counter space, medicine cabinet and mirrors  Must have natural ventilation and/or fan to remove moisture  Grouping baths increases efficiency by allowing for centralized plumbing.  Modifications may be required for special medical/disabled clients  Linen closets should be minimum of 18” deep.  Service area:  Kitchen  Purpose is food preparation but may include dining, laundry, and storage  Kitchen is made up of three work centers:  Food storage and preparation (refrigerator, cabinets, pantry, countertops)  Cooking (range, oven, microwave, countertops)  Clean-up (sink, dishwasher, countertops)  Work triangle measures efficiency.  A line from the center front of each work center makes up the work triangle.  The sum of all sides of the work triangle should not exceed 22’.  When possible, traffic lanes should not impede the work triangle.  Countertops and cabinets must be sufficient to allow for kitchen operations and storage.  Draw base cabinets 24” deep and wall cabinets 12” deep  Draw wall cabinets as hidden lines  Kitchen styles:  Straight line Used in apartments, cottages, or other smaller spaces  Provides a limited amount of cabinets  L-shape  Not intended for large kitchens  More attractive than a straight line  Corridor  Small to medium size kitchens  Efficient arrangement for long, narrow spaces  Should not be used where heavy traffic flows through the kitchen  Need at least 4’ between cabinets for movement  U-shape  High efficiency  Medium size kitchens  Approximately 6’ between legs of “U”  Island  Has stand-alone cabinets, which may be used for any of the kitchen centers or a snack bar  Allow 42” on all sides  Kitchen eating areas (Family kitchen)  Open/Informal plan  May include table/chairs or an eating counter  Laundry  Size and location varies with function.  Washing, drying, ironing, mending clothes  May be placed close to kitchen and other work areas or near bedrooms  Efficient design has arrangement of appliances/fixtures following the order of operation.  Receiving and preparing requires hamper/bins.  Washing requires sink, washer, and detergents.  Drying requires dryer and/or drying line.  Folding and ironing requires board, countertop, and racks.  Garage or Carport  Size depends upon the number of cars to be housed and other purposes it will serve.  Single car space is recommended to be from 11’x 19’ to 16’x 25’ depending on car and access space.  Double car space is recommended to be from 20’x 20’ to 25’ x 25’.  Space may be increased if garage is to be used for storage or a workshop.  May be a separate structure or attached to the house  Style should match the house  May be connected by a breezeway  A carport is like a garage except one or more walls are removed and no door(s) provided.  Less expensive than a garage  Does not provide as much protection as a garage  Better suited to mild climates  Garage doors vary in style, construction, and size.  Garage floors are most often constructed with concrete.  Slope toward doors or built-in drain  4” thick with vapor barrier and reinforcement  Apron connects floor to paved driveways.  Driveways:  May include a turnaround to avoid having to back onto a street  Desirable widths are 10’ for a single car or 18’ for a double car garage.  Turning radii of 15’ should be provided where the driveway connects to the street.  Driveway layout may vary due to size and position of the house pertaining to the lot  Outside living areas (porches, patios, decks)  Patios are located at ground level and are generally constructed of concrete  Porches and decks are structurally connected to the house and are raised above grade.  Porches are built of various materials.  Decks are constructed of wood.

 Floor Plans  Competency: 203.00  Draw Floor Plans   Objective: 203.03  Determine door and window types. 

Doors  General classifications  Flush doors  Smooth on both sides (usually mahogany or birch plywood)  May be hollow core or solid core  Panel doors  Heavy frame around perimeter  Parts:  Stiles – vertical members  Rails – horizontal members  Panels – thin material enclosed by stiles and rails  Louvered doors are panel doors.  Exterior doors  Typical door sizes  6’-8” tall by 1-3/4” thick  One opening must be a minimum of 3’-0”  Insulated  Sloping sills at the bottom sheds water away from opening  Swinging doors  Hinged  Swing into the house  Sliding doors  Made with wood or metal frames and tempered glass for safety  Provide glass areas and are excellent for access to a patio or deck  Common sizes are 6’-0” and 8’-0”  French doors  Purchased with mullions and muntins between glass panes or one large glass pane  May be used individually, in pairs, or in groups of three or four  Garage doors  Generally are overhead doors  May be one piece or sectional  Widths may be for a single or double opening  Singles are usually 8’, 9’, or 10’  Doubles are usually 15’, 16’, or 18’  7’-0” is the most commonly used height  Interior doors  Standard height = 6’-8”  Thickness = 1-3/8”  Widths vary based on a 2’ module  Bedroom doors = 2’-6”  Rooms other than sleeping areas = 2’-6”  Bathroom doors = 2’-0” or 2’-4”  Closet doors should be as large as possible  Bi-fold doors  Set of two doors making up one door unit  Hung on a track  Popular for closet doors  Sliding doors/Bypass doors  Hung on a track and slide left to right  Often used in wide openings, like closets  Pocket doors  Hung on a track and slides into a wall cavity  Frees floor space when open  Come packaged with a framed pocket which is built into the wall  Double-action doors  Spring hinge mounted on the door allows it to swing back and forth  May be one door or two doors  Windows  Purpose  Admits light from outside  May provide fresh air and ventilation  Adds detail, balance, and interest to the exterior  Visually enlarges interior space  Types  Double hung windows  Have two sashes that slide up and down  Most common type of window  Horizontal sliding/gliding windows  Have two or more sashes that slide horizontally  Operates on a track  Casement windows  Sashes are hinged on the side which swing outward.  On the exterior elevation, hinged side is represented by dotted lines forming a triangle.  Awning windows  Sash is hinged on the top and swings out.  Allows the unit to be open in light rain  On the exterior elevation, the hinged top is represented by dotted lines forming a triangle.  Hopper windows  Sash is hinged on the bottom, typically swinging inward.  Inward swing can interfere with the use of space near windows.  Can be constructed into unusual shapes  Fixed windows  Do not open to the outside, thus provide no ventilation  Often combined with other windows to provide interesting designs  Common fixed windows include Picture and Palladium windows  Bay and Bow windows  May be fixed or casement  Project from the structure  Bay windows offer a traditional style.  Usually the sides are drawn at 45º or 30º.  Depth of the bay is often between 18” and 24”.  Center window is typically either a fixed panel, double-hung, or casement window.  Commonly extend from floor to ceiling  Often has its own roof structure  Bow windows are arranged in a circular plan.  Skylights  Built into the roof to admit light  May or may not open for ventilation  Door and Window Schedules  Marks are placed on the floor plan to identify all doors and windows  Marks are numbers or letters placed inside circles or polygons to identify the door or window.  Marks are placed close to the door or window.  Doors/windows with exactly the same size and characteristics have the same mark.  Arranges all the information about a door or window in a chart  Repeats the mark found on the floor plan  Lists the number of doors/windows needed for this structure  List the size of individual and multiple units  Identifies the type of door or window  Includes any material notes and/or special remarks about the unit  May include elevation drawings of the door or window near the chart to help define its appearance  

Objective: 203.04  Identify floor plan symbols.  Doors and openings  

Hinged (swinging)

Exterior

Interior

Bifold

Sliding

Pocket

Double-action

Arch or cased opening

Garage

Windows

Double-hung

Horizontal sliding

Swinging

Casement

Awning

Hopper

Fixed

Combination

Bay

Bow

Skylight

Bathroom fixtures

Tub

Water closet

Bidet

Lavatory (sink)

Built into a cabinet

Wall hung

Pedestal

Shower

Head

Drain

Sloping floor

Faucet

Kitchen fixtures and appliances

Sink

Double bowl

Single bowl

Triple bowl

Refrigerator

Dishwasher

Range/stove

Built-in oven

Cook top

Base cabinets

Wall hung cabinets

Utility symbols

Washer

Dryer

Laundry tub (sink)

Water heater

AC/return air

Wall material symbols (section symbols)

Wood frame walls

Wood frame with brick veneer

Stone

Concrete

Concrete

block

 Objective: 203.05     Identify terms and symbols used to indicate electrical fixtures.

Switches

Single pole

3 way

4 way

Weather proof

Dimmer

Special

Branch circuits/Switch leg connectors

Convenience outlets

Duplex receptacle

Split wired

Special purpose

220 volt

Weather proof

Ground Fault Interrupt (GFI)

Lighting

Incandescent

Fluorescent

Special

Recessed

Miscellaneous

Exhaust fan

Room air circulating fan

Telephone

TV Antenna Outlet

Chimes

Smoke detector

Thermostat 

Objective: 203.06 Explain the rules and standards for electrical fixture placement.

Verify placement and completeness of required fixtures

Outlets

Lights

Switches and switch leg connectors

Miscellaneous fixtures

Exhaust fan

Ceiling fan

TV

Telephone

Smoke detector

Push button and chimes/bells/buzzer

Placement of switches

Place on the latch side of the door/entrance

Closet switches are placed on the outside of the closet.

Lights for hallways, stairs, and garages are controlled from both ends

Large rooms with two or more exits have multiple switches

Each room must have at least one light controlled by a switch

Placement of outlets

Consider furniture and appliance placement

For rooms other than kitchens, outlets should average one per every 6’ of wall.

Kitchen appliance outlets should average one per every 4’ of wall.

Hall outlets should be placed every 15’

An outlet should be placed no further than 6’ from each room corner.

Each appliance should have an outlet.

Each bathroom should have at least two outlets with at least one above the sink or counter.

Include weatherproof outlets on each side of the exterior.

Position outside outlets for decorative lights.

Must include at least one outlet in attic and crawl space

Ground fault outlets must be located where the danger of grounding exists near water sources.

Placement of lights

Provide enough foot-candles of illumination for the required activity.

Plan for light over the dining room table.

Include lights on the exterior for general illumination and decoration.

Connected to motion detectors for security

Need to be waterproof

Include lighting for stairs and halls.

Electrical Fixture Plan

Shows approximate placement of fixtures

Does not include circuit design

Does not consider electrical loads

Electrical fixtures can be shown on the working floor plan, however information should not be crowded and difficult to read.

Draw electrical symbols on an abbreviated floor plan to prevent crowding the information.

On CAD floor plans, layers created for various details can be turned off, providing just the basic wall outline layer.

Electrical Symbols

Drawn in approximate locations

Placement

Standard placement

48” high for switches

12” high for outlets

Where switches and outlets vary from their normal vertical placement, note the dimensional change along with the symbol.

Connect switches to the devices that they control by drawing a curved, dashed line.

A symbol legend should be provided on the drawing.

Except in special situations, dimensions are not provided.

Objective: 203.07         Evaluate the steps in drawing, dimensioning, and annotating a single-level floor plan.

The floor plan

The purpose of the floor plan is to show precise locations and dimensions of walls, windows, doors, appliances, fixtures, cabinets, and other fixed features.

Usually started first and may be finished last

All other drawings refer to or project from the floor plan

Is a sectional drawing with the cutting plane at approximately 4’ above the floor

Drawing a floor plan

Determine the scale that will allow you to fit the drawing onto the assigned sheet size.

¼”= 1’-0” is most often used for residential floor plans.

Scale varies with paper size, details, and scope of project.

Procedure for drawing

Using an appropriate scale, block in the overall size of the structure

Allow space for adding dimensions and annotation

Allow space for exterior features

Layout exterior and interior walls

Locate and draw/insert door and window symbols

Layout and draw kitchen cabinets/fixtures and bathroom fixtures

Add dimensions, annotation, and room names

Add miscellaneous symbols

Locate and draw walks, patio, porch, and/or deck

Add material symbols and annotation

Draw/insert title block and indicate scale, date, drafter, revisions, etc.

Check throughout for drawing accuracy and content

Dimensioning and Annotation

Exact methods vary with different designers.

All features must be located and sized completely and accurately.

Builder becomes the designer if measurements are left off

Errors are costly both in time and money.

General procedures

Dimension lines are generally unbroken with ⅛” tall numbers placed above the line

Dimension lines should be ¾” or more off of the object and at least ¼” apart

Foot and inch marks are used with a dash between the foot and inch numerals

Measurements over 1’ are written in feet and inches, less than 1’ are expressed in inches only, if no inches are present, the foot must be followed by a zero inches (example: 5’-0”)

Use the aligned system (read from the bottom and right)

Dimension lines, extension lines, center lines, and leaders are thin

Curved leaders are sometimes used to avoid confusion with straight lines of the building

Avoid crowding dimensions

Placement of dimensions

Interior frame walls are dimensioned to either the side, center, or both sides of the stud

Exterior frame walls are commonly dimensioned to the face of the stud or sheathing excluding the exterior finish

Masonry structures are typically dimensioned to face of the masonry material for exterior and interior walls

Masonry veneer walls are typically dimensioned to the outside of the stud or sheathing; An additional dimension is used to size the cavity and masonry material thickness

Windows and doors are located by centerlines in frame and veneer construction

Windows and doors are located by the edges of their openings in masonry walls

Modular dimensions

Structures produced using modular components waste fewer materials and therefore cost less

Typical modular considerations

Exterior walls should be modular lengths of 4’ or at least 2’

Plan rooms with an eye on standard sizes; building materials are sold in increments of 2’

Concrete blocks use an 8” module and brick works on a 4” module

Plan structure with material sizes in mind

Lumber lengths

Plywood/OSB is 4’x 8’

Dimensions must be checked for accuracy

Total offset strings and compare to stated overall dimensions

Check stated dimensions against scaled distances

Annotation

Room names should be given with 3/16” lettering and centered as much as possible

A label should identify all fixtures such as washer, dryer, dishwasher, sink, range, etc. using proportionately sized text

Title and scale are placed near the bottom of each individual drawing and detail

Title block includes sheet number, name of drawing, scale, date, drafter, client and other important information

Door and window sizes may be given on the floor plan or symbols may be applied for reference to a schedule

Label unusual or special features

Objective: 203.08  Draw a single-level residential floor plan.

Requirements: Each student is required to produce drawings for a 1200sf-1500sf. single-level residential floor plan that includes three bedrooms, two baths, living, dining/breakfast area, kitchen, utility room, and garage.

Use accepted drafting standards.

Include title block.

An effort should be made to create a balanced appearance within drawing space.

Your work should reflect an understanding of space planning, door and window types, floor plan symbols, floor plan dimensions.

203.08

Draw a single-level residential floor plan.

This rubric is designed with the assumption that the Floor Plan drawing will be a single- story; residential structure with no fireplace, basement, or stairs, made using CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.

UNIT D  Foundation Plans

UNIT D: Foundation Plans  Competency: 204.00Draw Foundation Plans

Objective: 204.01  Identify terminology related to foundation plans.

Footing - Lowest member of foundation system used to spread the loads of structure across supporting soil

Live Load - Load from all movable objects within a structure including loads from furniture and people. External loads from snow and wind are also considered live loaded.

Dead Load - Weight of building materials or other immovable objects in a structure

Stem Wall - A concrete block or brick foundation wall constructed on top of the footer

Rebar - Reinforcing steel used to strengthen concrete

Settlement - Sinking foundations, cracked or buckled walls and uneven floors caused by unstable soil and extreme moisture with lack of proper drainage

Monolithic - Concrete construction created in one pour

Structural Reinforcement – Rebar, steel forms, keyways or any other material used to strengthen foundation systems

Piers - Concrete or masonry foundation pillar support used to support the floor system

Columns/Posts - Vertical structural support, usually round and made of steel

Girders - Horizontal support member at the foundation level

Frost Line - Depth to which soil will freeze

Foundation Wall – The vertical wall that extends from the top of the footing up to the first-floor level of the structure. Helps spread the load being supported

CMU – (Concrete Masonry Unit) Concrete Blocks used in foundation walls and piers

Aggregates - Stone, gravel, cinder, or slag used as one of the components of concrete

Modular Brick – Brick that is identified by a nominal size that includes an allowance for the thickness of a standard mortar joint

Stretchers - A course of masonry laid horizontally with the end of the unit exposed

Lintels - A horizontal steel member used to provide support for masonry over an opening

Pilaster - A reinforcing column built into or against a masonry wall

Jamb Blocks - A concrete block that is shaped to go around the jamb

Drain Tile - A buried drainage system used to run-off storm or sewer away from the foundation. Typically made of black, plastic tubing with holes

Parging - A thin coat of plaster used to smooth a masonry surface

Polyethelene – Vapor barrier sheeting, generally 6 mil, used to block moisture

Forms – Wood or plastic molds used to create footings from poured concrete

Bearing Capacity – A design value specifying the amount of weight a square foot of soil can support

Unexcavated – Undisturbed earth that has not been dug out or filled

Objective: 204.02  Identify common foundation systems.

T-Foundations

Slab Foundations

The base of the footing should extend below the frost line

Pier and Post Foundations (Crawlspace and Basement)

Piers and columns are vertical members used to support floor systems.

Piers are shorter than columns/posts and are generally used in a crawl space.

Posts/columns are commonly used in basement walls.

Footings must be provided under piers and columns for support.

Beams (girders) are used in place of bearing walls between the piers and columns.

objective: 204.03  Explain footing and foundation wall construction.

Footings

Different types of soils are capable of supporting varying loads. The type of soil must be considered when determining the size of a footing

Determine footing sizes based on live loads and dead loads

Live loads include movable items such as people, wind, snow, and furniture.

Dead loads include all of the materials used in the construction of the building.

Footings are generally made of poured concrete in residential construction.

In stable soils, a trench is dug to which shapes the footing

With unstable soils, sand for example, forms must be constructed to shape the footing.

Concrete can withstand heavy loads.

Steel rebar can be added to the concrete to provide additional support

Proper footing design and construction are important because uneven settlement can cause damage to the structure.

Larger footings aid in prevention of uneven settlement.

Two or more different soils under a structure can cause uneven settlement.

Different loading conditions on walls can cause uneven settlement.

Effects of uneven settlement

Doors and windows stick.

Cracks appear in finish materials.

Plumbing can move, causing leaks.

Structural elements can fail.

Frost line

The frost line is the depth to which the ground will freeze.

Depth varies with geographic location.

Local codes specify the minimum footing depth.

The footing must be placed below the frost line.

When the ground freezes and thaws, it expands and contracts.

If footing is placed above the frost line, it will be pushed upward causing cracks in the foundation.

Foundation walls

The foundation wall extends from the footing upward to the first floor.

Poured concrete

Concrete block is commonly used in construction

May be purchased in a variety of sizes and shapes

The most common (nominal) size for a concrete block is 8”high x 8”thick x 16”long.

The actual size is 75/8” x 75/8” x 155/8” with a 3/8” mortar joint allowance.

Common thickness includes 4”, 8”, 10” and 12”.

Common styles include 2 and 3 core stretchers, solids, lintels, corner, pilaster, and jamb blocks.

CMU is the standard abbreviation for Concrete Masonry Unit.

Brick

Stone

The thickness of a foundation wall depends upon several factors and must be designed according to local codes and conditions.

The shape of the foundation wall must be designed to handle horizontal earth movement. Lateral earth shifting caused by seismic activity can easily damage foundation walls.

Foundation walls require damp proofing on the outside of the wall

Heavy coats of tar or 2 coats of cement based paint

Thin (1/4”) coats of parging (cement-mortar materials)

Drain tile

Perforated pipe that surrounds the structure at the bottom of the wall

Washed gravel is set from the wall and covered with washed gravel above holding back the soil but allowing water to enter the pipe.

Water collected in the drain tile is directed away from the foundation.

Polyethylene sheeting

Thickness of material is measured in millimeters (mils).

6 mil is a commonly used thickness.

Objective: 204.04       Explain the purpose of a foundation plan and describe its features.

The foundation plan is a section drawing much like the floor plan, except that the cutting plane passes through the structure at the level of the foundation wall.

Drawn after the floor plan

Features typically include the following:

Footings for walls, piers, columns (dashed lines)

Foundation walls

Piers and Columns

Pilasters

Openings in the foundation wall (access door, vents)

Beams (girders)

Direction, size, and spacing of floor joists

Annotation to describe sizes and materials used

Horizontal dimensions are used to locate features

Material symbols used on floor plan drawings would be the same for a foundation plan drawing.

The foundation plan is closely related to the floor plan, section, and elevations.

Dimensions stated on the floor plan, elevations, and section must agree with the foundation plan.

Double joists occur under walls that were previously located on the floor plan.

Foundation vents are often located under windows previously located on the floor plan.

Girders may be placed under bearing walls located by the floor plan

Overall dimensions stated on the floor plan should agree with overall dimensions on the foundation plan.

Dimensions on a foundation plan are typically given for masonry construction and should be stated appropriately.

            Example: 24”x24”x12” CONC PIER FOOT

Steps for drawing a slab foundation plan

Using dimensions on floor plan, layout exterior of slab. Edge of slab should match outside edge of exterior walls on floor plan

Draw interior side of the stem wall around the slab

Block out doors in the stem walls. Allow 4” for trim unless otherwise specified

Layout support ledge if brick veneer is used

Layout exterior footing width

Layout interior footings

Layout any exterior piers required for decks or porches

Draw changes in floor levels

Draw floor drains

Use proper Architectural Drafting techniques to dimension the following features:

Locate any exterior pier/columns for porches or decks

Locate and specify the overall size of all building offsets

Provide overall dimensions for the entire structure

Locate the center line of all double joists and girders (beams)

Locate all piers/columns and/or piles

Use proper Architectural Drafting techniques to make the following annotations:

Note the placement direction, size, material, material grade, and spacing of joists

Note the size, material, and material grade of girders (beams)

State the size (including depth) and material used for pier and column footings

Specify the thickness and material(s) used to construct the foundation wall

Note any special construction details such as areaways for below-grade windows, ground coverings, bridging, etc.

Title drawing and indicate scale

204.05  Draw a foundation plan.

Each student is required to produce drawings of a foundation plan for the floor plan drawn and designed earlier. This rubric is designed with the assumption the Foundation Plan drawing will be a single-story; residential structure with no fireplace, basement, or stairs, plotted to an appropriate scale.

Basic Roof Design

UNIT E: Basic Roof Design  Competency: 205.00  Draw roof plans. 

Objective: 205.01        

Identify terms and definitions related to roof plans.

Terms and Definitions

Flat roof – common in areas with little rain or snow

Shed roof – offers the same simplicity and economical construction methods as a flat roof but does not have the drainage problems associated with a flat roof

Gable roof – one of the most common roof types in residential construction; constructed with two sloping sides that meet to form a ridge

Hip roof – has many similarities to a gable roof but with four surfaces instead of two; the intersecting surfaces are called hips

Gambrel roof – a traditional shape that dates back to the colonial period; the lower level is covered with a steep roof surface, which connects into the upper roof system with a slighter pitch

Mansard roof – similar to a gambrel roof with the angled lower roof on all four sides rather than just two

Dutch hip roof – a combination between a hip roof and a gable roof

Roof plan – a drawing in plan view of the roof area showing the features and items on the roof

Roof pitch/slope – a description of the angle of the roof that compares the horizontal run and the vertical rise

Rafter – the inclined structural member of a roof system designed to support loads

Roof truss – a prefabricated member formed of triangular shapes used to construct a roof

Ridge – the top of a roof where two sloping edges meet

Valley – the internal corner formed between two intersecting roof surfaces

Hip – the exterior edge formed by two sloping roof surfaces

Gable end wall – the triangular wall that is formed at each end of a gable roof between the top plate of the wall and the rafter

Cornice/Eave – the part of the roof that extends out from the wall

Flashing – metal used to prevent water leaking through surface intersections

Ridge board – the top horizontal member that rafters are aligned against to resist their downward force

Collar ties/beams – horizontal ties between rafters near the ridge to help resist the tendency of the rafters to separate

Ceiling joist – the horizontal member of the roof which is used to resist the outward spread of the rafters and to provide a surface on which to mount the finished ceiling

Live load – fixed or moving weights that are not a structural part of the building; examples: furniture, occupants, snow on the roof, wind, etc.

Dead load – Static or fixed weights of the structure itself; examples: weight of roofing materials, foundation walls, siding, joists, etc.

Knee wall – a wall of less than full height

Soffit – usually the underside of an overhanging cornice

Lookout – a beam used to support eave loads

Fascia – covers the rafter end enclosing the overhang 

Draw roof plans.  Objective: 205.02     Explain concepts of roof construction

Traditional framed roof (stick built)

Rafter size depends upon

The distance to be spanned

The spacing of the rafters (typically 24” O.C.)

The loads exerted on the roof from dead loads and live loads

Common rafters rest on the double top plate and extend to the ridge

Hip, valley, and jack rafters

Hip rafters extend from the ridge to a wall corner in a hip roof

Valley rafters occur where two sloping roofs intersect forming a valley

Jack rafters extend from the double top plate to either a hip or valley rafter

Lengths vary as they occur higher on the roof

Shorter than common rafters

Collar beams

Typically placed every 2nd or 3rd set of rafters

May serve as a ceiling joist for finished attics

Knee walls

Vertical studs that extend from the ceiling joists to the rafters

Reduces rafter span

Adds rigidity

May form wall in finished attics

Roof slope

Rise is the vertical distance measured from the top of the wall plate to the underside of the rafter.

Run is the horizontal distance equal to ½ of the clear (building) span.

Span (building span) is the horizontal distance between the load bearing walls.

Roof pitch is the ratio of the actual rise to the actual span often indicated by rise to run ratio where the run is always expressed as 12.

Cornice/Eave

The cornice is composed of all the materials used to join the roof and exterior sidewalls

Roof overhang

Protects the walls and openings (windows, doors, etc.) from weather

Controls the amount of natural light that enters the building

Types of cornice

Open cornice

Used with exposed beam construction

Rafter ends (tails) are exposed and sometimes tapered or curved for appearance

Box cornice

Fascia

Forms the eave line

Projects below the soffit to form a drip edge

May be nailed to the lookout

Soffit is the material that covers the bottom side of the rafter tail.

May be attached directly to the bottom side of the overhanging rafter or to members that are perpendicular to the wall

The bottom side of the rafter tail may be cut perpendicular to the soffit if nailed directly to it.

A nailing strip (nailer) may be attached to the sidewall to serve as a continuous nailing surface.

Wide overhangs require a lookout to be placed perpendicular to the wall to serve as an addition nailing surface.

Gable end (Rake)

The rake or gable end is formed by the extension of the gable roof beyond the end walls of a house with a gable style roof.

The gable end overhangs can be constructed in a manner similar to the other walls.

Lookouts attached to the last rafters (with overhang) is less than 12”

Fascia attached to the lookout

Roof trusses

Roof Truss

Prefabricated unit that includes all of the members needed to perform the function of the rafters, ceiling joists, collar ties, and knee walls

Often less expensive than conventional framing

Able to span long distances without interior load bearing walls or beams

Allows for more open plans

Can install roof before interior wall construction begins

Truss assembly

Top chord, bottom chord, and web members

Joined together with plywood or sheet metal gussets for light construction

Available in many styles such as the Fink (W), Howe (King post) and scissor truss

Horizontal members, known as purlins, are placed perpendicular to the trusses to provide additional stability and nailing surface

Roof ventilation

Purpose

Helps cool the attic area of the house in summer

Removes moisture that forms in the attic area

Moisture comes from the inside of the house (bathing, cooking, cleaning)

In cold weather, moisture will condensate on the cold attic members

Helps prevent ice dams in winter conditions

Melting snow refreezes at the colder edges of the roof, forming an ice dam where the water backs up.

Water behind the ice dam can get under shingles.

Ventilation helps keep the entire attic the same temperature.

Methods of ventilation

Gable end vents

Louvered to let air (not rain) enter

Various shapes such as triangular, semi-circular, rectangular, and octagonal

Cupola

A small structure built above the main roof level to provide light and ventilation

Louvered sides allow for air movement.

Ridge vents

Projecting devices that exhaust air from the attic

Some have moving parts such as the turbine vents.

Some are flat and non-mechanical.

Sometimes connected to thermostats

Soffit vents

Allow air to enter the attic

May be continuous strips or individual units

Covered with wire to prevent insects and pests from entering attic area  

205.03  Draw a roof plan.   Each student is required to produce drawings of a roof plan for the floor plan drawn and designed earlier.  This rubric is designed with the assumption that the Roof Design should include a gable or hip over the single-story, residential structure previously designed and drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.

Sections and Details:  UNIT F: Sections and Details  Competency: 206.00Draw wall sections and details.  Objective: 206.01Identify terms and definitions related to sections and details.

Terms and Definitions

Anchor bolts - A threaded rod inserted in masonry construction to anchor the sill plate to the foundation

Beam – A structural member that supports the joists and effectively reduces the span

Blocking – Framing members, typically wood, placed between joists, rafters, or studs to provide support.  This will allow for additional construction items

Bridging –Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal position between the floor joists at mid-span to act both as tension and compression members for the purpose of bracing the joists and spreading the action of loads.

Ceiling Joist - Used to span and support the roof loads from the ridge to the top plate

Chords – The outside framing members of a truss, often referred to as top or bottom chord

Corner Bracing - Used at the corner of the structure to stiffen, strengthen, and insure that the wall unit is squar

Cripple Stud (Jack studs)- Studs not full height used to frame around an opening in a wall

Crawl space – The shallow space below the floor of a house built above the ground; generally surrounded with the foundation wall

Cutting plane – The location on the floor plan where a cross section is taken is identified with symbols known as cutting plane lines

Double Joist – A built up beam located under walls running parallel to the joist direction

Double Top Plate – Located on top of the studs and used to hold the walls together

Drain Tile – A pipe that allows moisture to escape from a masonry structure

Face grain – A symbol representing material from a particular view

Fascia – A vertical board nailed onto the ends of the rafters

Finished Floor - The top layer of flooring placed on top of floor decking or concrete

Flange – The top and lower portion of an ‘I’ beam

Flashing – Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to shed water away from areas of potential leakage

Flitch beams – A built-up beam that consists of steel plates bolted between wood members

Floor Joist – Used to support the floor decking

Footing – A masonry section, usually concrete, in a rectangular form; used to increase the supporting capacity

Foundation Wall – The supporting portion of the structure below the first-floor construction, or below grade, including the footings

Girder – A large or principle beam of wood or steel used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length

Glulam Beams – Glue-laminated members that consist of 1x or 2x lumber glued in stacks to the desired shape and size

Hatching/Section lining – Used to show the feature has been sectioned or cut

Header – Wood horizontal member used above the door or window to provide support for the top plate

Header (Rim Joist, Butt Joist) – A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed

Insulation – Prevents or reduces the transfer of heat or sound from one location to another

Joist – Provides support for the floor or ceiling

Joist Hanger – A metal strap used to support piping or the ends of joists

Ledger Strip – A strip of lumber nailed along the bottom of the side of a girder on which joists rest

Longitudinal section – A method of post and beam construction where the beams are placed at right angles to the roof slope and the roof decking is laid from the ridgepole to the eaves line

LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) – An engineered wood product in which veneers of wood are stacked in parallel and glued under pressure

O.C. – On-Center- The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, joists, and other framing members from the center of one member to the center of the next

OSB – Oriented Strand Board – An engineered wood product in which long strands of wood are mixed with resin, placed, in layers, and pressed and cured

Particleboard – A composition board made of wood chips or particles bonded together with an adhesive under high pressure

Pier – A masonry pillar usually below a building to support the floor framing

Post – A metal structure used below a building to support the floor framing

Pressure Treated – The wood has been treated to resist rot and termites

PSL – Parallel Strand Lumber – An engineered wood product in which thin strands of wood are glued together under pressure

Rafter – The most basic member of roof framing; designed to support roof loads

Ridge Board – The board placed on edge at the ridge of the roof into which the upper ends of the rafters are fasted

R-Value – A measure of resistance to heat flow

Section line – Defines surfaces touched by the cutting plane

Sheathing – The structural covering, usually wood boards or plywood, used over studs, joists, or rafters of a structure

Shingles (asphalt) – Composition roof shingles made from asphalt-impregnated felt covered with mineral granules

Sill (mud sill) – The lowest member of the frame of a structure, it rests on the foundation and supports the floor joists or the uprights (studs) of the wall.

Soffit – Underside of the overhanging cornice

Sole plate – The bottom horizontal member of the wall on which studs rest

Stud – A vertical framing part of a stud wall

Stud Wall – A vertical wall framing member

Sub-floor – Affixed to the floor joists; provides the surface on which the underlayment for the final floor will rest

Trimmer Stud – Used to support the header of an opening in a wall

Truss – Structural members arranged and fastened in triangular units to form a rigid framework for support of loads over a long span

Underlayment – A material placed under finish coverings, such as floor or shingles, to provide a smooth, even surface for applying the finish

Vapor barrier – Prevents moisture transfer

Veneer Construction – Type of wall construction in which frame or masonry walls are faced with other exterior surfacing materials

Wall studs – Vertical framing member of a wall

Wall ties – Nailed to sheathing prior to constructing masonry veneer walls for the purpose of tying the masonry units to the wood frame wall

Web –The framework between the chords of a truss

Weep hole – An opening at the bottom of a wall that allows the drainage of water

Graphic reference for terms and definitions

UNIT F: Sections and Details  Competency: 206.00  Draw wall sections and details.  Objective: 206.02  Explain concepts of wood sill and floor construction. 

Commonly used lumber is determined based on code and drawing specifications

Nominal  sizes

  2x4

2x6

2x8

2x10

2x12

Actual sizes  1 ½ x 3 ½ (2x4)  1 ½ x 5 ½ (2x6)  1 ½ x 7 ½  (2x8)   1 ½ x 9 ¼  (2x10)  1 ½ x 11 ¼   (2x12)

Common lengths  8’    10’   12’   14’   16’

Structurally graded according to knots (size, tightness, placement), wane, and straightness

Sill

Rests on top of the foundation wall

Supports the floor joists

Prevents air infiltration, fiberglass insulation is frequently used as a sill sealer between the sill and the foundation wall

Must be pressure-treated lumber

Used as a transition between masonry and standard lumber

Anchor bolts embedded into masonry are commonly used to tie the sill to the foundation

Nails can be shot into concrete with a low-caliber nail gun

Joists

Provide support for the floor

May be wood or steel

Size of wood joists depends upon

Species of lumber

Wood grade

Spacing

12”, 16”, or 24” O.C. spacing is most common

Works with the 48” module common to plywood and OSB

Recommended live load (40psf)

Distance between supports (clear span)

Joists manufacturer’s charts

Double joists must be provided under walls running parallel to the joist direction

May be solid or built up of two joists

May have solid blocking between doubled joists to allow for plumbing that passes through the floor

Bridging

May be used between joists

Transfers the floor loads to adjacent joists

Stiffens joists

Aligns joists vertically

May be diagonal wood members, metal or 1x3 wood cross bridging

May be solid blocking placed perpendicular between joists

Wood floor trusses

May be used in place of solid lumber joists to provide support for the floor

Able to span longer distances than solid lumber joists

Reduce or eliminate the need for girders, piers, and columns

Allow for designing open spaces

Formed with top and bottom horizontal chords and diagonal webs constructed of standard size lumbers

Typically placed 24” O.C.

Open web construction

Reduces sound transmission through floors

Aids in ease of plumbing, electrical, and heating systems installation

Sizes are determined from manufacturers’ charts

Wooden I-Joists

Similar to wood floor trusses

May be used in place of solid lumber joists to provide support for the floor

I-joists are able to span longer distances than solid lumber joists

Speed construction

Very straight

May come with circular knock-outs

Formed with horizontal wooden (solid lumber or micro lam) top and bottom flanges, grooved to receive a solid plywood or OSB vertical web

Joist header (Rim joist, or Butt joist)

Used as rim joists with I-joist construction

Can be used with truss construction

Should be strapped to the sill in high wind areas

Double under exterior walls parallel to joist direction

Girders (Beams)

Built-up

Formed with solid lumber nailed together

Built on the job

Glue laminated lumber (glulam)

Solid, 1x__ lumber, glued together under pressure

Graded according to appearance

Very strong

Able to span long distances

Disadvantages

Weight

Expense

LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber)

Glued veneers, similar to plywood

Advantage

High strength

Long spans

Disadvantage

Cost

Low moisture resistance causes delamination in high humidity

PSL (Parallel Strand Lumber)  Composed of veneers cut into strands

Very strong  Allows long spans

Steel  Beam Types   S – standard   W – wide flange   S- beam   W – beam 

I-beams come in two standards  Wide flange   Standard wide flange

Beam supports greater weight  More stable than standard S-beam

“W 18 x 62” means “Wide flange beam, 18” tall, weighing 62 lbs/ft”

Advantages  Strength   Ability to span long distances  Disadvantages  Weight  Difficulty in cutting on the job

Girder size  Determined by  Type of material used  Loads imposed  Clear span of the girder

Where loads exceed material limits, the girder span must be reduced by using piers, piles, columns, or posts

Types of girders  Drop girder  Flush girder  A ledger strip attached to the girder may support joists

Metal connectors may support joists or hangers attached to the girder   Where joists must tie to a steel girder, a wooden plate must first be bolted to the steel

Subflooring:  Provides a base for the underlayment and/or finish flooring material

Underlayment is the material placed under finish floor coverings (i.e. as carpet, to provide a smooth, clean surface).  Underlayment can be combined with the subfloor into a single thickness.

Single thickness underlayment/subfloor is generally constructed of ¾” tongue and groove plywood.

Materials

1 x ___ board lumber, applied diagonally

Plywood or OSB in 4’x 8’ sheets speed installation.

Structural particle board and composite board

Crawl space considerations

Access door is required

Recommended size 24” wide x 18” high

Large enough to allow for repair and/or replacement of under-house mechanical systems

Ventilation provided

Remove moisture from crawl space

8”x 16” vents are common

Objective: 206.03Explain concepts of wood frame wall construction. 

Wood frame wall construction

Materials  Wood studs should  Be straight  Have good stiffness  #2 grade or better  Moisture content of 15-19%

2x4 and 2x6 lumber are most popular sizes for wall construction

2x6 materials can be used for exterior walls for additional insulation thickness

2x4 materials used for most interior walls

2x6 and 2x8 materials used to allow plumbing to pass through wall

Sole Plate/Bottom Plate

Holds studs together in a wall unit

Anchors wall to subfloor

Wall studs:  Spaced 16” or 24” O.C.  Length based on ceiling height

Top plate:  Ties intersecting walls together  Provides additional strength between studs where ceiling joists/rafters do not bear directly above the stud

Headers:  Size depends on its span and loading  Carries load of the roof where studs have been removed from the wall to create an opening  Solid headers  Fill the space above the opening

Header formed by turning two units of framing lumber on edge with a ½” spacer between the members

For 2x4 stud wall a 3-½” thick unit

Cripple studs incorporate cripples.  Studs are not full length.  Fill the space above the header

Headers are supported by trimmers or jack studs.

Corner bracing  Plywood, OSB, or similar material may be used in place of the let-in brace.

Diagonal metal straps may be used.

Exterior finishing  Wall sheathing  Typically ½” thick

May be a structural material and/or an insulating material

Often applied to frame wall prior to wall being raised from the subfloor

Covered with a housewrap paper to reduce heat loss/gain

Wall ties:  Masonry wall is not a load bearing wall  Frame wall carries the load of the structure

Ties are bent to fit between mortar joints  Corrugated metal ties  Placed 16” O.C. vertically

Placed 32” O.C. horizontally

Draw wall sections and details.  Objective: 206.04 Identify insulation and vapor barrier materials and construction. 

Insulation:  Slows the transfer of heat  Placed in walls, floors, and ceilings that face unheated areas

Types  Flexible batt and blanket  Loose-fill  Rigid board  Spray-on  Reflective foils

R-values:  The higher the R number the greater the resistance to heat flow.  All materials have an R-value.

Requirements vary with geographic location.

Vapor barriers:  Placed on the heated side of insulation  Types  Papers attached to flexible batt and blanket insulation  6mil polyethylene sheets  Rubberized asphalt membrane 

 Draw wall sections and details.  Objective: 206.0  Describe the purpose and features of a wall section.  

Sectional drawings  Used to reveal the internal construction  Provide information concerning materials and assembly  Detail sections show specific parts of construction 

Sectional basics:  Cutting plane  Edge of cutting plane is drawn as a line on the floor plan

Heavy, dark line  Coding includes two dashes  Arrows indicate direction of sight

Most often attached to a circle that identifies the section and its location within the drawing set

Sometimes only the ends are shown to prevent interference with other information

Assumed to be a straight line between ends  If offset, the bend (offset) is shown

A cutting plane extending fully across the short dimension of the structure defines a transverse section

A cutting plane extending fully across the long dimension of a structure defines a longitudinal section

Section lining (hatching)

Features behind the cutting plane are not section, but are shown in proper position and scale

Materials are defined by symbols (section lines)

Commonly used symbols

Brick

Steel

Insulation

Earth

Sand

Gravel

Concrete

Concrete block

Framing lumber

Finish lumber

Hatching (section lining) is thinner than visible lines

Drawing scale

Sections showing the entire building are drawn at small scales

¼” = 1’-0” are most common

Small scales do not allow drawing much detail

Break lines are used to reduce distances by removing repetitive information

Used where construction does not change over a long distance

Allows drawing large areas at readable scales (more detail)

Long break lines have a center zigzag or looped connection

Scale selected for a Typical Wall Section should allow the details to be clearly shown while still fitting the available space   ¾” = 1’-0”     1” = 1’-0”        1-½”  = 1’-0”

Dimensions  Show specific elevation numbers, distances, and sizes of building materials

Important dimensions are often included  Floor to ceiling heights  Crawl space vertical height

Footing sizes   Foundation wall thickness  Roof overhang  Roof slope

The order of notes is to give number, size, and material description of various building elements

Ex:  2-2 x 4 DOUBLE TOP PLATE

Leaders lead from the note to where the note applies

Construction elements usually shown in a Typical Wall Section

Footing

Foundation

Drain tile and waterproofing as needed

Sill and sill anchoring system

Joists and Rim Joists

Subfloor

Underlayment

Sole plate

Wall stud

Double top plate

Wall sheathing material

Ceiling joist or truss

Rafter or truss

Fascia (if included)

Soffit (if included)

Lookouts and other soffits nailers

Drip edge

Building paper

Roof covering material

Insulation for walls, floors, ceilings

Interior and exterior wall finish materials and trim 

Metal straps (hurricane ties)  If the wall includes masonry veneer, the following additional elements are included

Masonry wall ties  Air space (cavity)  Flashing  Weep holes  Drain Tile

206.06  Draw a typical wall section.  Each student is required to produce drawings of a Typical Wall Section and Details for the floor plan drawn and designed earlier.  This rubric is designed with the assumption that the Wall Section drawing will be a single-story, residential structure previously designed and drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.

 Exterior Elevations

 Exterior Elevations:  Competency: 207.00  Draw exterior elevations.  Objective: 207.01     Identify terms and definitions related to exterior elevations.

Terms and definitions

Elevation – the exterior views of a structure

Grade line – the spot where the soil surface strikes the building;  reference point for most elevations

Stucco – a type of plaster made from Portland cement, sand, water, and a coloring agent that is applied to exterior walls

Flashing – metal used to prevent water leaking through surface intersections

Topography – physical description of land surface showing its variation in elevation and location of features such as rivers, lakes, or towns

Eave – the lower part of the roof that projects from the wall, sometimes referred to as the cornice

Cornice – the part of the roof that extends out from the wall, sometimes referred to as the eave

Roof  ridge – the uppermost area of two intersecting roof planes

Projection – Horizontal or vertical guidelines used for transferring measurements orthographically from one view to another

Surface materials – the materials used to protect the building from the weather

Skylight – an opening in the roof to allow light and ventilation that is usually covered with glass or plastic

Siding – exterior wall covering used to protect walls from the weather

Stucco – a weather resistant, colored plaster finish used for an exterior wall covering

 Rail – decorative barriers and supports typically used to enclose porches and decks

UNIT G: Exterior Elevations  Competency: 207.00  Draw exterior elevations.  Objective: 207.02           

Describe the purpose and features of an exterior elevation.

Exterior Elevations

Two-dimensional, flat, orthographic representations of the building’s exterior

Each elevation shows the final appearance of one side of the building

A set of working drawings

Four exterior elevations are shown.

Elevations are drawn at the same scale as the floor plan.

Labeled as Front, Rear, Right, and Left Side Elevations

Compass directions are often used to label elevations (North, South, East, West Elevations).

Features typically include

Doors and windows

Roof’ slope and material

Surface and trim materials

Vertical distances and material notes

Construction elements

Project horizontal measurements from floor plan downward onto the developing elevation drawing

Vertical distances are projected from a scaled section drawing

Elevations for working drawings do not include landscaping features.

Elevation symbols include:  Windows  Doors  Grade line

Wall finish materials are shown in simple symbols in scattered locations to prevent crowding.

Roof features

Materials notes

Common surface materials

Brick

Horizontal siding

Vertical siding

Stucco

Stone

Concrete

Flashing

Glass

Roofing

Below-grade elements (footings, foundation wall, etc.) are drawn using hidden lines.

Dimensioning most often includes

Vertical distance from floor to ceiling (varies according to client needs)

Vertical distance from floor to tops of windows and doors is usually 6’-8”

Vertical distances to footings (from grade or floors)

Elevations that relate to the site topography

Horizontal distances for roof overhangs

Notes that specify wall and roof finish materials

Roof slope symbols showing rise and run

Steps for drawing an Exterior Elevation

Use the same scale as floor plan

Use the Wall Section Drawing for vertical dimensions

Place the floor plan directly above the space where the elevation is to be constructed so that measurements may be projected

The exterior walls to be represented should be facing down

Project horizontal measurements downward

Walls/offsets of building

Doors and windows

Porches/Patios

Stairs

Project vertical measurements from the section across

Footings

Grade

Floor levels

Ceilings

Eaves

Cornice trim

Roof ridges

Add details such as windows, window trim, doors, door trim, vents, etc.

Add dimensions, notes, and material symbols

Check the work

Add a label to identify the elevation

Repeat steps 1-8 for each exterior elevation to be drawn

UNIT G: Exterior Elevations:  207.03  Draw exterior elevations. 

Each student is required to produce drawings of Exterior Elevations for the floor plan drawn and designed earlier.  This rubric is designed with the assumption that the Exterior Elevation drawing will be a single-story; residential structure previously designed and drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.