DRAFTING III SECTION II – UNITS OF INSTRUCTION
Unit A: Leadership Development Unit B: Architectural Styles Unit C: Site Development .
Unit D: Foundation Design and Construction . Unit E: Stair Design and Construction. . .
Unit F: Advanced Kitchen and Bath Design. . .
Total Questions with images: Quia Test:
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Demonstrate oral presentation skills 3%
Prepare and deliver a technical presentation with visual aids. 2%
Prepare and deliver extemporaneous technical presentations. 1%
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Quia Test: http://www.quia.com/quiz/1651621.html
Identify architectural styles. 14%
Define terms related to selected styles of residential architecture. 10%
Produce a collection of illustrations or a presentation that demonstrates the various elements of residential styles.
SITE DEVELOPMENT
Create site plan drawings. 23%
Define terms related to site development. 5%
Explain factors to be considered when developing a site for residential construction. 7%
Explain the lines, symbols, and features found on site plans. 7%
Develop a site plan drawing. 4%
Draw a site plan for a residential structure.
FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Design and draw foundation plans. 17%
Identify terms and definitions relating to foundation design and construction. 3%
Design footings, foundation walls, girders, piers, ventilation, and slab floor/foundations. 14%
Design and draw a foundation system.
STAIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Design and draw a stair system. 11%
Design and draw a stair system. 3%
Identify the parts and standards used to construct a stair system. 4%
Explain the calculations for rise, run, total rise, total run, and floor cutout. 4%
Draw plans for stair construction.
ADVANCED KITCHEN & BATH DESIGN
Design and draw kitchen cabinet layouts. 10%
Identify terms and concepts related to kitchen and bath design. 2%
Explain the elements of kitchen and bath design. 5%
Develop plans for kitchen cabinet drawings. 3%
Draw interior elevation plans for kitchens and baths.
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UNIT A: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENTCompetency: 301.00Demonstrate oral presentation skills. Objective: 301.01
Prepare and deliver a technical presentation with visual aids.
Technical Presentations
Report Writing Purpose is to provide others with information that they can use for some practical purpose Structure Introduction provides a focus for the report
States the main point
Provides background
Describes the reason for the report
Results or Discussion
Begin each paragraph with a clear topic statement
Include enough details to make the information clear
Data can be presented with tables and graphs, which require very little reading
References should be made for important data.
Discuss specific results as evidence
Conclusion
Meanings of results are explained
Conclusions should focus on answering the original question
Recommendations may be made or omitted if there are none
References give credit to sources of information.
Visual aids can provide more information than written words, they should be part of the message rather than a supplement.
Wrap text around images
Crop pictures
Use clipart effectively
Use bullets effectively
Multimedia Report/Presentation
Determine what is expected out of the presentation
Evaluate the time allotted for the presentation
Consider the size of the audience and physical layout of the room to determine visibility
Use restraint, do not make the presentation overly complex
Focus on the Goal
Establish an objective
Choose a presentation theme
Dramatic
Direct
Easy to visualize
Consider a small graphic that ties all visual aids together
Organize Thoughts
An audience generally remembers 2 or 3 points in a presentation
Develop an outline with word-processing software that may be transferred to presentation software
Develop your thoughts before you create visuals Creating Visuals
Plan 3-5 slides for each major concept Use only one main concept per slide Limit each slide to 5 or fewer bullets Avoid too many objects per slide Make text readable Font Color Size should be at least point 24 Use short, to-the-point phrases rather than sentences
Use the same font, background, and colors throughout
Limit slide transition effects
Keep color contrasts high
About 4% of men are red/green colorblind
Use graphics to make the presentation interesting
Add text to autoshapes to make the information stand out
Create 3D and shadow effects
Use animation appropriately
Do not read information
Do not memorize the presentation
Cuts down spontaneity
Limits ability to interact with the audience Can get lost
Become very familiar with the information by rehearsing
Go through the process prior to presenting to an audience
Identify equipment problems
Increases confidence
Develop backup plans in case equipment fails Show time
Arrive early to check out equipment and/or make last minute changes
Relax by taking deep breaths
Keep a sense of humor; do not overreact Keep distractions to a minimum Prepare and deliver extemporaneous technical presentations.
UNIT B: ARCHITECTURAL STYLESCompetency: 302.00Identify architectural styles.Objective: 302.01 Define terms related to selected styles of residential architecture.
Terms and Definitions
Post – A vertical wood structural member usually 4x4 or larger
Lintel – A horizontal steel member used to provide support for masonry over an opening
Arch – An inclined ceiling area
Vault – An inclined ceiling area
Column – A vertical structural support, usually round and made of steel
Clapboards – A tapered board used for siding that overlaps the board below it
Parapet – A position of wall that extends above the edge of the roof
Balcony – A deck or patio that is above ground level
Identify architectural styles.Objective: 302.02
Explain concepts associated with selected styles of residential architecture.
Development of architectural styles
Influences Climate
Available materials
Building techniques available to the time period
Styles
Few structures exemplify any particular style
Categorized by most common and significant features
Transitions
Occur from one time period to another
Occur from one geographical origin to another
Significant historical architectural developments Post and lintel
Arch Vault Dome
Influences on early American architecture
European styles serve as a basis for the development of American styles
England, France, Spain, and Italy provided the most significant influences
Structural influences represented
Available materials
Climate
Settlers’ backgrounds
Style names origin
Geographical region
Shape of the structure
Time period
Elements of Design
Line
Offers a sense of direction and/or movement in design of structure
Relates a structure to the site and natural surroundings
Curved lines soften appearance
Horizontal lines minimize height and maximize width
Vertical lines create an illusion of height and strength
Diagonal lines create a sense of transition
Form
Rectangles, squares, circles, ovals, ellipses
Should be dictated by function
Used to accent specific features
Color
Aides in distinguishing between exterior materials and accent shapes
Described in terms of hue, value, and intensity
Hue represents what is typically considered the color
Value is the darkening or lightening of a hue
Intensity is the brightness or strength of a specific color
Texture
The roughness or smoothness of a surface
Rough surfaces
Feeling of strength
Feeling of security
Smooth surfaces
Illusion of increased height
Reflect more light
Make colors seem brighter
Important in selecting materials to complete a structure
Rhythm
Repetitive element provides rhythm; leads the eye through the design
Created with gradual change in materials, shape, and color
Balance
The relationship between areas of the structure and an imaginary center line
Formal balance is symmetrical.
Informal balance is nonsymmetrical.
Proportion
Relates to size and balance
Affects the way a residence relates to its environment
Considered in design of exterior and interior of a structure
Unity
Relates to rhythm, balance, and proportion
Ties a structure together with a common design
Avoid features that appear “tacked on”
Floor Plan Styles
Single-level residences
Among the most common styles
Provide stair-free access
Simple to maintain
Can be used with a variety of exterior styles
Split-level residences
Attempt to combine features of one and two-story structures
Best suited to sloping sites
Construction is greater due to increased foundation costs
May be split from side to side of front to back
Two-story residences
Provide numerous options for families where stairs are not a problem
Living and sleeping areas are easily separated.
Minimal land is used for building site.
Provide maximum building area at a lower cost per square foot
Less foundation material
Fewer exterior walls
Smaller roof
Dormer style
Two levels with upper level about half of first floor square footage
Best suited to an exterior style that incorporates a steep roof
Dormer level is formed in attic-like area
Offers many of the same economic features of a two-story home
Multi-level layouts
Offer endless possibilities for floor levels
Site topography and owners’ living habits dictate style
Cost exceeds all other styles
Exterior styles
Georgian style
Exemplifies basic style modified throughout the colonies in response to available material and the weather
Follows classical principles of design used by ancient Greeks
Principles of form and symmetry are most evident in the front elevation.
Entry is centered on the wall with equally spaced windows placed on each side
Usually covered with a columned porch and a doorway trimmed with carved wood detailing
In Southern homes, most of the exterior is built of brick
While in northern homes wood siding is the major covering
Saltbox style
Common modification of the Georgian style
Maintained the symmetry of the Georgian style without much of the detailing
Two-story structure at the front that tapers to a one-story at the rear
Windows generally have shutters that protect against winter winds
Garrison style
Combines saltbox and Georgian style with construction methods of log buildings
Originally modeled after the lookout structures of early forts
The upper level extends past the lower level
Heavy timbers supported the overhang
Cape Cod style
A one level with a steep roof to allow an upper-floor level formed throughout the center of the house
Dormers are placed on the front side of the roof to make the second story habitable.
Windows are symmetrical and shuttered on the lower level.
Federal style
Combines Georgian with classical Roman and Greek styles
Built of wood or brick
A high, covered entry porch or portico with Greek-style columns are centered over the front door
Often, the door has arched trim
Windows are capped with a projected pediment
Greek Revival style
Classic proportions and decorations of classical Greek architecture
Large, rectangular, and very “boxlike”
A two-story portico with a low, sloped gable roof supported on Greek columns is centered on the residence to add decoration
Southern Colonial style
Similar to Georgian style, with symmetrical features
Also referred to as plantation-style
Usually has a flat, covered porch extending the length of the house as protection from the sun
English-style
Features an unsymmetrical layout
Walls are constructed of stone, brick, or heavy timber and plaster
Window glass is often diamond-shaped
Dutch colonial style
Many features of homes already described, with a different roof style
Features a gambrel roof (barn roof)
Roof made of two levels
Lower level
Very steep
Serves as walls for the second floor
Upper area of the roof is the traditional gable roof
French colonial style
Differs in the roof design
Roof is similar to the gambrel with a steep lower roof
Uses a hipped or mansard roof to hide the upper floor area
Single-level French manors
Originally found in the northern states
Rectangular homes with a smaller wing on each side
Mansard roofs used most often, but hip roofs also seen
French Normandy style
Multilevel and framed with brick, stone or wood, and plaster
Roof is gable or hip style
Circular turret is near the center of the home
French plantation style
Two full floors
Wraparound porch
Covered with a hip roof
Spanish colonial style
Built of adobe or plaster
Usually one story
Arches and tiled roofs distinguish the style
Timbers frame a flat or very low-pitched roof
Windows have grills or spindles and balconies with wrought-iron railings
Farmhouse style
Two-story construction
Little or no trim or detail work
Surrounded by a covered porch
Ranch style
Originated in the Southwest
Defined by a single-story rambling layout
Roof is low-pitched with a large overhang
Originally, the major exterior materials were stucco or adobe
Victorian and Queen Anne styles
Irregularly shaped floor plans
Ornate detailing
Contemporary, or modern styles
Do not denote any special style of home
Designed to meet a wide variety of needs and/or reflect the lifestyle of the owner
Often, owners prefer the traditional exterior, but rarely would the traditional floor plan be desirable
Objective: 302.03 Produce a collection of illustrations or a presentation that demonstrates the various elements of residential styles.
Students may do one or more of the following:
Photograph local houses or elements of local buildings
Use a digital camera or scan photos
Use MS PowerPoint or similar software to present information
Prepare and present a technical demonstration of elements of selected Architectural styles
Illustrations may come from home magazines or plan books
Identify various features that give the house its style
Make a portfolio of sketches of various architectural elements
Sketches may be isometric or perspective
Use local structures
Identify the style with associated elements
Create a technical presentation with illustrations on the following:
The Influence of Technology on Architecture
The Influence of Climate on Architecture
The Influence of Geography on Architecture
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UNIT C: SITE DEVELOPMENTCompetency: 303.00Create site plan drawings.Objective: 303.01
Define terms related to site development.
Terms and Definitions
Aggregrate – Stone, gravel, cinder, or slag used as one of the components of concrete
Appraisal – The estimated value of a piece of property
Backfill – Earth, gravel, or sand placed in the trench around the footing and stem wall after the foundation has cured
Benchmark – A reference point used by surveyors to establish grades and construction heights
Building Code – Legal requirements designed to protect the public by providing guidelines for structural, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical areas of a structure
Building Line – An imaginary line determined by zoning departments to specify on which area of a lot a structure may be built
Catch basin – An underground reservoir for water drained from a roof before it flows to a storm drain
Compression – A force that crushes or compacts
Contours – A line that represents land formations
Contractor – The manager of a construction project, or one specific phase of it
Control point survey – A survey method that establishes elevations that is recorded on a map
Easement – An area of land that cannot be built upon because it provides access to a structure or to utilities, such as power or sewer
Fill – Material used to raise an area for construction; typically gravel or sand is used to provide a raised, level building area
Grading – The moving of soil to effect the elevation of land at a construction site
International Residential Code (IRC) – A national building code for one- and two-family dwelling
Plat – A parcel of land
Point-of-beginning – Fixed location on a plot of land where the survey begins
Profile – Vertical section of the surface of the ground, and/or of underlying earth that is taken along any desired fixed line
Radial survey – A survey method used to locate property corners, structures, natural features, and elevation points
Rebar – Reinforcing steel used to strengthen concrete
Retaining Wall – A masonry wall supported at the top and bottom, designed to resist soil loads
Setback – The minimum distance required between the structure and the property line
Site Orientation – Placement of a structure on a property with certain environmental and physical factors taken into consideration
Stress – A live or dead load acting on a structural member; stress results as the fibers of a beam resist an external force
Survey map – Map of a property showing its size, boundaries, and topography
Swale – A recessed area formed in the ground to help divert ground water away from a structure
Tamp – To compact soil or concrete
Topography – Physical description of land surface showing its variation in elevation and location of features such as rivers, lakes, or towns
Zoning – An ordinance that regulates the location, size, and type of a structure in a building zone
Create site plan drawings.Objective: 303.02
Explain factors to be considered when developing a site for residential construction.
A. Site Considerations
Price range of any house in the neighborhood Community growth
Neighbors Design of house
Site access Location of schools and shopping Topography Available facilities Fire protection Water and sewer Garbage Collection
Close to work Natural gas Site development cost Building permit
Grading Fill Tree removal
Drainage
Shape of site restricts building layout
Rural building sites have special problems
Depth or quality of potable water
Soil conditions acceptable for septic tank or sewer system
Title search Shows ownership history Shows legal claims against the property
Involves using an attorney to do the research
Deed
Shows transfer of ownership of property between two parties
Legal description of the property
Involves using an attorney to do the research
Restrictive Covenants – restrictions on property
Rules and regulations for neighborhoods
Style of house
Type of landscaping
Minimum size or costs of house
Fencing
Shows easements
Utilities crossing land
Road right-of-way
An area or piece of property to which another has certain rights to access
Specifies property line layouts and setbacks
Contains a legal description of the property
Contains the property line directions and distances
Example - N 68º 29’ 33” E 169.00’
Location of property
The item that represents the corner of a piece of property
Example – existing iron stake
Zoning and Codes
Zoning Regulations
Size of lot
Use of land (commercial or residential)
Setbacks from property lines
Single or multi-family structures
Local Building Codes
Local restrictions on plumbing, heating, or building techniques (high wind, earthquake)
May increase building costs
May be lax, resulting in poor building practices
People involved in site planning
Surveyor
Establishes area and boundaries of property
Involved with planning and subdivision layout
Prepares legal description of land
Develops maps that describe the land and its features Survey
Measure and marking of land
Mapping Field notes
Provides information recorded on a site plan
Landscape Architect
Plans and designs all aspects of building site
Develops efficient, safe, and pleasant uses of the site
Projects
Design of earthwork
Building location
Plantings
Layout of streets and walks
Civil Engineer Plans, designs, and directs large construction projects
Projects Utilities Tunnels Bridges
Sewage plants Roads Pipelines
Soil Engineer
Studies types of soils at job site
Makes recommendations for foundation designs
Planning Boards (Review Boards)
Made up of residents and professionals
Determine what may or may not be built in the
Objective: 303.03Explain the lines, symbols, and features found on site plans.
Features included on a site plan
Property lines
Identifies property corners
Represented by coded lines in a legend (thick, phantom lines)
Directional bearings and lengths stated along property lines
Distances measured in feet and decimal feet using engineer’s scale
Bearings
Measured off North or South
Always less than 90 degrees
Angles measured in degrees, minutes, seconds
North meridian (North Arrow)
Roads (on-site or adjacent to site)
Driveways
Parking lots (include curb and gutter)
Building outline
Very bold lines
Interior walls omitted
Cross hatching may be used for definition
Roof outline may be shown
Sidewalks
Utilities
Water
Sewer
Gas
Electric
Represented by coded lines in a legend
Easements
Title and scale of drawing
Existing or proposed trees and plantings
Fences and/or retaining walls
Dimensions
Sizes, locations, and turning radii for roads, sidewalk, patios, and other exterior features to constructed
Size and location of the building(s)
Annotation
Sizes, slopes, and materials used for drainage and utilites
Exterior feature materials and related construction information
Legends explain the meaning of special symbols
Topographical information
Topographic drawing describes the surface features of the building site
Contour information
Elevation
Benchmark
Contour lines
Contour intervals
Profile drawings
Spot elevations
Reading contour lines
Contour line elevations are vertical distances above sea level
Closed contour lines indicate hills or depressions
“U” or “V” shaped contour lines that point toward higher elevations (uphill) indicate ditches or streams
“U” or “V” shaped contour lines that point toward lower elevations (downhill) indicates raised areas
Closely spaced contour lines indicate steeper slopes
Lines farther apart indicate flat areas
Evenly spaced contour lines indicate uniform slope
Contour lines that cross indicate same elevation
Profile drawings help interpret contour plans
Example #1 Example #2
Drawing contour lines
Short dashed lines indicate existing topography
Solid lines indicate proposed changes
Lines include numbers that indicate the elevation of the line
Every fifth line is drawn darker or bolder
Path or direction of a contour line is plotted by interpolating between known elevations
Make measurements with the 1” = 10’, 20’, 30’, 40’, 50’, 60’, and 100’
Use Engineer’s scale
Engineer’s scale measures in feet and tenths of a foot.
Objective: 303.04
Explain how to develop a site plan drawing. Develop the drawing
Choose a scale that allows for dimensions, titles, notes and a title block
Layout and draw property lines
Select a contour interval and draw existing contour lines
Locate and draw the center and edges of any existing streets and roads
Locate and draw proposed well and septic system (if required)
Locate and draw existing utilities and easements
Locate and draw existing trees and shrubs (if required)
Locate and draw the structures on the site
Locate and draw sidewalks, driveways, patios, or other site features
Redefine the topography
Site plan includes annotation and dimensions
Property line bearings and lengths (stated along the lines)
North arrow
Building is boldly and clearly outlined and labeled
Overall dimensions of the structure
Structure located with respect to the property lines and significant features
Provide width and location dimensions
Note curb and gutter
Dimension turning radii
Note materials and symbols
Identify sidewalks, patios, and other features
Specify sizes and locations with respect to other features
Use materials symbols and specify with notes
Identify utilities
Lines are coded
Provide legend
Note sizes and types along lines
Tree and shrub types and sizes
Note benchmarks and contour line elevations
Drawing title and scale
Dimensioning
Sizes, locations, and turning radii
Roads, sidewalks, patios and exterior features
Size and location of buildings
Annotation
Sizes, slopes, and materials of drainage and utility features
Exterior feature materials and related construction information
Legends specify
Draw a site plan for a single-level residential floor plan.
Requirements:
Each student is required to produce drawings of a site plan for the floor plan drawn in Objective 203.08. This rubric is designed with the assumption the Site Plan contain a residential structure specified by the instructor, drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.
Use board or CAD techniques Use accepted drafting standards Include title block. An effort should be made to create a balanced appearance within drawing space. Your work should reflect an understanding of Topography, property lines, contour lines, easements, utilities, location of structures, and site features.
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303.05 Draw a Site Plan for a single-level residential floor plan.
Each student is required to produce drawings of a site plan for the floor plan drawn in Objective 203.08. This rubric is designed with the assumption the Site Plan contain a residential structure specified by the instructor, drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.
Contour lines are reasonably interpolated using locations and elevations provided (natural contour lines are drawn close to where they should be to evidence an understanding of interpolation)
If required, the finished contour lines are drawn so as to provide a reasonable grading of the land
Water is directed away from the structure
A reasonable attempt at balancing the cut and fill is evident
Solid contour lines represent the finished work
Roads, driveways, sidewalks and parking as needed are provided
The building outline is drawn
Building is appropriately oriented on the site
Sizes and offsets match floor plan provided
Utilities are located
Easements are shown
Fences are shown
Patios and decks are shown
Turning radii are provided where needed
Road, driveway, sidewalk, and parking sizes are practical and reasonable
Notes and Dimensions
Property line length and bearings are stated along the lines
Building setbacks are provided with respect to property lines
A legend is provided to explain line coding and symbols
Overall building sizes are stated
Utilities are identified
Sizes of water and sewer lines are stated
Sizes are given for roads, sidewalks, driveways, and parking lots
A north arrow is drawn
Street names and right-of-ways are given
Bench marks are shown and described
Contour line elevations are given
A drawing title is provided
A drawing scale is provided
Dimensions and annotation are drawn with an appropriate size and style to make them clear and easy to read
Dimensions and annotation are on a separate layer
Accuracy, Line Weight, Neatness
Industry accepted standard symbols are used
Symbol correctly sized and located
Symbols exist on a dedicated layer
Correctly oriented and positioned
CAD or Drawing Technique
Setup file for units, limits, grid, snap, and layers
File correctly saved
Layers correctly managed
Line types correctly coded
Drawings neatly laid out to balance space on the page
Line connections connect when closely zoomed
Lines are not over-drawn/ are continuous lines
UNIT D: FOUNDATION DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONCompetency: 304.00Design and draw foundation plans.
Objective: 304.01Identify terms and definitions relating to foundation design and construction.
Soil Bearing Capacity – A design value specifying the amount of weight a square foot of soil can support
FHA Formula – A formula based upon the thickness of the foundation wall used to design proper footing size
Tensile Load – The resistance of the load to the tendency to stretch
Longitudinal Rebar – Steel Support bars placed along the bottom portion of the footing used to carry tensile loads
Transverse Rebar – Steel support bars tied to longitudinal bars at regular intervals used to prevent cracking
Chairs – Supports used to hold rebar in place before concrete is poured
Lintel – Horizontal structural member over an opening in a masonry wall
Girder – A beam used to support the floor joists as they span across the foundation
Span – The horizontal distance between two supporting members
Deflection – The amount of bending that occurs when a structural member is loaded
Piles – A vertical foundation support driven into the ground used to provide support in areas of loose soil
Expansion Joints – Joints placed in concrete construction to reduce cracking due to expansion and contraction
Pilaster – A post built into a wall used to reinforce a high foundation wall
Design and draw foundation plans.Objective: 304.02Explain use of footings, foundation walls, girders, piers, ventilation, and slab floor/foundations.
Continuous wall footings
Footing size is determined
Engineering data regarding the soil and structural loads
NC Building Code minimum footing widths
Single story, conventional wood frame = 16”
Single story, brick veneer over wood frame = 16”
Use Minimum Width of Concrete or Masonry Footings chart for various conditions
Assumes a soil with a bearing capacity of 2000 psf
Accepted “rule of thumb” is based on thickness of foundation wall
Width of footing = 2 x foundation wall thickness
Depth of footing = foundation wall thickness
Assumes firm, undisturbed soil or engineered fill
Minimum soil bearing capacity of 2000 psf
Steel reinforcement may be added to footing to control tension forces
Two longitudinal rebars, in bottom portion of footing carry tensile loads
Prevents spreading apart of footing where cracks occur due to uneven settlement
Tension forces occur only in bottom portion of footing
Top portion of footing is in compression
Bar size is based on 1/8”
Example: #4 bar = 4/8” (1/2)
Transverse bars may be tied to longitudinal bars at regular intervals to aid in resisting cracking
“Chairs” hold bars in place
Footing thickness to width ratios require increases in footing widths, turn, and increase in thickness
4. Stepped footings
Shaped with vertical and horizontal parts resembling “steps”
Vertical step not more than ¾ the distance of horizontal depth
Used on hilly terrain to reduce excavation and materials costs
Constructed with 8” module when concrete block is used for foundation wall
Foundation walls
Concrete and masonry wall thickness determined from NC Residential Building Code
Unbalanced fill
Height of earth pushing against the foundation wall
Wet soil produces greater pressure than dry soil
Type of wall construction (hollow, solid, grouted, etc.)
Lateral resistance to earth pressures provided by intersecting walls, floors, and pilasters
Pilasters are posts built into a wall.
Used as supports for beam endings and resistance to pressure
Masonry units are interlocking with units in an alternating direction.
May be filled with grout and/or steel rebars
Poured concrete walls can be reinforced with steel rebars placed in tension zone
Poured concrete walls can be tied to poured concrete footings using “keys” formed into footing
Foundation walls must be located in the center 1/3 of the footing.
Extends a minimum of 8” above grade when using wood construction
Minimum distance from floor to ceiling in a basement = 7’-0”
Lintels are structural members over openings in masonry walls
4” minimum bearing
Steel or masonry
Foundation walls require damp proofing on outside wall
Heavy coats of tar or two coats of cement based paint for basement walls
Thin coats of cement-mortar materials or parging
Drain tile
4” perforated pipe surrounds structure at bottom of wall
Set in washed gravel from wall
Covered with 6” of washed gravel above
Holds back soil
Allows water to enter pipe
Water collected in pipe is carried away
Polyethylene or plastic sheeting
Thickness of material measured in “mils.”
6 mil is common sheeting thickness.
Girders
Design
Based on material, span, and load
Loads include live and dead
Determine load area(s) to be supported by beam and multiply by the sum of live and dead loads
Determine loads imposed by walls and significant features and add to area loads
Divide total load by the length of beam to determine load per foot
Most charts require load per foot of beam to calculate beam size and span
Loads often expressed in “kips.” (1 kip = 1000 lb)
When beam size is not sufficient to carry the load
Shorten span by increasing number of piers or columns
Change material
Pier spacing is equal
Change species and/or grades of wood
Beam charts often limit size based on deflection
Deflection is amount of bending that occurs when a structural member is loaded
Usually limited to 1/360 of the span
NC Residential Building Code charts for built-up wooden girders include pier and footing sizes.
Determine area supported by pier
Use appropriate chart for single or multi-level structures
Determine depth of the structure
Determine whether an interior or exterior girder
Select grade and species of lumber
Read size of pier and pier footing from chart
Masonry pier height is limited by size of pier and type of construction
Interior and exterior piers treated differently
Piers capped
4” of solid masonry for a single-story structure
8” for a two-story building
Piles
Driven into soil or onto bedrock without a separate footing
Used to support very heavy structures or structures built on poor soils
Often used when footings cannot be stabilized in loose soil
Example: beach houses built on loose sand
Materials
Treated Wood
Steel pipes filled with concrete
Steel beams
Bored holes filled with reinforced poured concrete
Pre-cast concrete
Foundation Ventilation
NC Building Code minimum requirement is 1 sq. ft. ventilation for every 150 sq. ft. of crawl space area.
Vapor barriers reduce ventilation requirements.
Slab Foundation
Reinforced concrete floor and footing
Poured at the same time (monolithic)
Footings may be poured separately from floor
Requires less time and labor than T-foundation
Turned down extension extends below frost line
Perimeter insulation required where heat is lost around edges of the slab
NC Residential Building Code requirements for slab construction
Vegetation, top soil, and foreign material is removed
Below grade 4” slab poured on clean, graded sand, gravel, or crushed stone
Vapor barrier is placed between slab and sub-grade
Where no base course is used
Unless slab is used in unheated situation
Minimum slab thickness for residential floor construction = 4”
Concrete Construction
Composed of cement, sand, stone or gravel aggregate, and water
Varying amounts of ingredients will change strength and properties
Cement composed of lime, silica, and other materials
Cures over a very long time
Temperature effects strength and harms exposed surface
Extreme cold weather slows curing process and can cause water within mix to freeze
Extreme hot weather causes water to evaporate or elevates mixture
Temperature and moisture conditions are controlled during curing
Purchased by cubic yard (3’ x 3’ x 3’ = 27 cu. ft)
Strength measured in PSI (pounds per square inch)
Cracking
Expansion and contraction due to temperature changes
Moisture content
Large areas more likely to crack than smaller areas
Joints may be cut into freshly placed concrete with a joining tool or cut into cured concrete with a masonry saw.
Floor slabs are not bonded to columns or walls.
Expansion joints are positioned next to walls.
Building felt or fiberboard commonly used as expansion joints
Fiberglass fibers may be used in mix rather than steel
Wire mesh used to reinforce slabs and control cracking
Pre-manufactured control joints placed in the slab to control cracking
Pressure treated lumber and plywood necessary where members come in contact with concrete
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Competency: 304.00Design and draw foundation plans.
Requirements:Each student is required to produce drawings of a foundation for the floor plan drawn in Objective 203.08. This rubric is designed with the assumption the Foundation Plan be for a residential structure specified by the instructor, drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.jective: 304.03Design and draw a foundation system.
This rubric is designed with the assumption that the foundation drawing will be for either a slab or crawlspace as specified by instructor.
Design Concepts• Design demonstrates placement consideration of footing, foundation wall, load bearing wall support, live/dead loads, soil, openings. Basic fundamentals of the foundation plan are correct.
Foundation Symbols• Industry accepted standard symbols are used.
• Symbols correctly sized and located.
• Correctly oriented and positioned.
Architectural Dimensioning• Dimensional styles are appropriate
• Annotations are appropriate style and size
• Hard copy is printed to scale.
• All required dimensions are clear and visible.
• Dimensions are balanced and easily read.
CAD Drawing Technique Drawing setup. Dimensioning and text size, units, etc.
• File correctly saved.
• Line weights and colors managed correctly
• Drawings neatly laid out to balance space on the page.
• No stray lines or improper marks.
UNIT E: STAIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONCompetency: D305.00Design and draw stair systems.
Objective: D305.01Identify terms and definitions relating to stair design and construction.
Terms and definitions
Balusters – Vertical members that support the handrail on open stairs
Circular Stairs – Stairs that have trapezoidal steps that rise along an irregular curve or arc
Double-L Stairs – Stairs that have two 90° turns and two landings along the flight, but are not U shaped
Enclosed stairs – Stairs that have a wall on both sides; also known as closed, housed, or box stairs
Guardrail – A horizontal protective railing used around stairwells, balconies, and changes of floor elevation greater than 30 degrees. This is formed by the vertical baluster beneath the handrail.
Handrail – This items helps people steady themselves as they traverse areas like stairs and ramps where a person might slip, trip, or fall. Railing used to slide your hand along as you walk down stairs.
Headroom – The vertical distance measured from the tread nosing to the ceiling above the stairs. Building codes will specify a minimum distance.
Housed stringer- A stringer that has been routed or grooved to receive the treads and risers
Kick Block or Kicker – Used to keep the bottom of the stringer from sliding on the floor when downward pressure is applied to the stringer
L Shaped Stairs - A set of stairs that have one landing and turn at some point along the flight of stairs
Landing – The floor area at either end of the stairs usually occurs at a direction change or elevation change in the stairs
Newel – The main post of the handrail at the top, bottom, and points where the stairs change direction
Nosing – The rounded projection of the tread that extends past the face of the riser
Open stairs – Stairs that have no wall on one or both sides
Rise – The vertical distance from top of one tread to the same position on the next tread
Riser – The vertical face of the step
Run – The horizontal distance from the face of one riser to the face of the next
Spiral Stairs – are steps that rise in a circle about a center. Used where space is limited
Stairwell opening – The opening on the next floor that allows access by the stairs.
Straight Run Stairs – Steps that rise in a circle about the center point. These stairs can be used where little space is available.
Stringer or Stair Jack – The inclined support member of a stair that supports the risers and treads. A notched stringer is used for enclosed stairs.
Total Rise – The total floor-to-floor height of the stairs
Total Run – The total horizontal length of the stairs
Tread – The horizontal member of each step on which a person steps
U Stair – Two flights of steps parallel to each other with a landing between
Winder Stairs – Pie-shaped steps that are substituted for a landing. This type of stair is used when space is limited.
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UNIT E: STAIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONCompetency: D305.00Design and draw stair systems.Objective: 305.02 R1 pgs. 739-750 & R2 pgs. 353-368
Identify the parts and standards used to construct a stair system.
Stair Elements
Headroom Nosing Rise
Riser Run Total rise Total run
Tread Stairwell opening
Supporting structure
Housed stringer
Plain stringer
Landing Railing members
Guardrail Handrail Balusters
Newel
Stair types
Straight run stairs
Most commonly used
No turns
Require long open space
L stairs
One landing with a turn
Used when little space is available
Double-L stairs
Two 90 degree turns, and two landings
Not U shaped
Often used in residential construction
U stairs
Two flights of parallel stairs
Introduces a landing midway the run
May be open or closed
Types
Narrow U
Wide U
Winder stairs
Used in place of a landing
Pie-shaped (triangular) steps
Mid-point width should be equal to regular tread width.
Not very safe
Spiral Stairs
Rise in a circle about a point
Decorative styles can be used
Used where little space is available
Circular stairs
Trapezoid steps (tread)
Irregular curve or arc is primary shape
Custom made
Requires much space
Expensive to build
General Information
Main stairs
Extend between main floors
Assembled from high quality, prefabricated parts
Provides elegant focal point for two-story homes
Service stairs
For frequent or heavy use
May extend to basement or attic
UNIT E: STAIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONCompetency: D305.00Design and draw stair system.Objective: 305.03
Explain the calculations for rise, run, total rise, total run, and floor cutout.
Essential building considerations
Minimum headroom = 6’-8”
Riser height = 7” to 7 5/8”
Riser material thickness = ¾”
Tread depth = 10” to 11½”
Tread depth material thickness = 1¼”
Tread width = 36” clear above or below handrail(s)
Handrail heights = 30” to 38”
Guardrail heights
Required if landing is 30” above floor or grade
Minimum height = 36”
Vertical members spacing maximum of 4”
Do not allow passage of a 6” diameter sphere
Require at least one handrail where four or more risers are present
At least 1½” between handrail and wall
Handgrip may not exceed 2 5/8” in cross-section
Check local codes for winders, spiral stairs, illumination, etc.
Nosing projects 1 1/8” to 1 ½”
General Design Rules
Slope of stairs (rise and run ratio) should be between 30 and 35 degrees.
Sum of two risers and one tread should equal 25”
Riser height multiplied by tread width equals approximately 75”.
Sum of one riser and one tread equals approximately 17” to 18.”
Stair Calculation
Determine total rise of stairs
Distance from finished lower floor to finished ceiling
Thickness of ceiling material
Width of floor joist
Thickness of subfloor
Thickness of finished floor
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Example: Finished lower floor to finished ceiling 8’-0” Thickness of ceiling material(Gypsum board or drywall) ½” Width of the floor joist (2”x8” joist) 7 ¼” Thickness of the subfloor(1/2” plywood sheathing) ½” Thickness of the finished floor(floor and underlayment) 1” TOTAL RISE = 8’ – 10¼”
Determine the number of risers needed
Convert TOTAL RISE to inches
Divide TOTAL RISE by 7
Example: TOTAL RISE / 12 or 106.25” / 7 = 15.17 risers =Number of risers needed is 15 or 16
Determine height of riser
TOTAL RISE inches
Divide by number of risers
Example:TOTAL RISE inches / 15 risers = 7.08”
Each riser must be equal same height
Check Rules indicated earlier in Section B
Ensure accuracy of riser and tread
Always one less tread than risers
Determine total run
Multiply tread width (10”) by number of treads (14)
Example:Tread width x treads = TOTAL RUN 10” x 14 = 140”
Determine floor cutout size (upper floor)
Lay out scaled drawing including calculated rises and run information
Draw a line, along the stair nosing, from bottom tread to top tread
Measure a vertical line to represent headroom
Draw a line parallel to line from bottom tread to top tread (step b.)
Measure resulting stairwell rough opening
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UNIT E: Stair Design and ConstructionCompetency: 305.00Design and draw a stair system.Objective: 305.04
Draw plans for stair construction. Requirements
Each student is required to produce drawings of a stair plan for a residential structure. This rubric is designed with the assumption that the stair design should include the necessary drawings, dimensions, and notes for total rise, total run, treads, riser type, thickness, stringers, and railing specifications for a typical stair system drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale.
Use accepted drafting standards
Include the title block
Time Limit: 180 minutes
An effort should be made to create a balanced appearance within drawing space.
Work should reflect an understanding of the construction of total rise, total run, treads, riser type, thickness, stringers, and railing specifications for a typical stair system and understand the notes for a stair design.
Assessment: The problem will be evaluated based on the following criteria Design Concepts- Architectural Notes and dimensioning-Accuracy, Line Weight, Neatness -CAD Drawing Technique
305.04 Draw plans for stair construction.
Each student is required to produce drawings of a stair plan for a residential structure. This rubric is designed with the assumption that the stair design should include the necessary drawings, dimensions, and notes for total rise, total run, treads, riser type, thickness, stringers, and railing specifications for a typical stair system drawn.
Criterion Statements Design Concepts- Finish flooring Treads, Risers
Nosing Stringers Handrails
Guardrails Balusters Newels
Material symbol(s)
Floor structural elements illustrated and annotated
Identify floor levels (sub floor or finished floor)
Closet details under stairs
Landing construction details
Architectural Notes and Dimensioning
All materials labeled
Correct size of materials
Ceiling height
Annotation should include the material sizes and quality
Rise for each step
Number of risers
Total rise
Run for each step
Number of run (tread)
Total run
Nosing
Headroom
Handrail/guardrail heights
Dimensions should not be crowded.
Follows appropriate dimension standards.
Title and scale
Line Weight, Neatness
Line weight is neat, clean, and meets acceptable drafting standards for thickness and darkness.
Industry accepted standard symbols are used
CAD Drawing Technique
Setup file for units, limits, grid, snap and layers
File correctly saved
Layers correctly managed
Line types correctly coded
Drawings neatly laid out to balance space on the page
Line connections connect when closely zoomed
Lines are not over-drawn and are continuous lines
UNIT F: ADVANCED KITCHEN AND BATHCompetency: 306.00Design and draw interior elevations for kitchens and baths.
Objective: 306.01Identify terms and concepts related to kitchen and bath design.
Terms and definitions
Base cabinet – Cabinets in a kitchen or bathroom which sit on the floor
Baseboard – The finish trim where the wall and floor intersect, or an electric heater that extends along the floor
Bullnose – Rounded edges of cabinet trim
Cabinet work – The interior finish woodwork of a structure, especially cabinetry
Chair rail – Molding placed horizontally on the wall at the height where chair backs would otherwise damage the wall
Ergonomics – The study of human space and movement needs as they relate to a given work area, such as a kitchen
Fabrication – Work done on a structure away from the job site
Lavatory – A bathroom sink, or a room which is equipped with a washbasin
Millwork – Finished woodwork that has been manufactured in a milling plant
Modular cabinet – Prefabricated cabinets that are constructed in specific sizes called modules
Molding – Decorative strips, usually made of wood, used to conceal the seam in other finishing materials
Prefabricated – Buildings or components that are built away from the job site and transported ready to be used
Section – A type of drawing showing an object as if it had been cut through to show interior construction
Specifications – An exact statement describing the characteristics of a particular aspect of the project
UNIT F: ADVANCED KITCHEN AND BATHCompetency: 306.00Design and draw interior elevations for kitchens and baths.
Objective: 306.02Explain the elements of kitchen and bath design.
Kitchen & Bath Elevations and Layout
Purpose of kitchen elevations
Show the exterior of cabinets, plumbing fixtures, and appliances
Give general dimensions, notes, and specifications
Cabinet elevations are developed from floor-plan drawings.
Floor plan drawings establish cabinet elevation lengths
Dimensions are projected directly from floor plan
Cabinet elevations may be as detailed as desired by designer or architect
Standard scale for cabinet elevations is ¼”= 1’
May show very clear and well drawn without detail or artwork not specific to construction
May be drawn artistically
Key cabinet elevations to floor plans
May be keyed with room titles
May use an arrow with a letter inside that corresponds to a symbol on floor plan
Symbol used to correlate detail drawings with location on elevation
Cabinet, fixture, and appliance elevations are drawn from a standing view.
Line of sight is noted on floor plan drawing using a cutting plane line.
Elevations are two-dimensional.
Height and length are shown in external view.
Depth is shown at cutting plane line.
Multiple elevations are drawn on one sheet to describe front elevation of each set of cabinets and appliances.
Dimensions are included on elevation views.
Include horizontal dimensions
Drawer stacks Door units Openings
Overall horizontal dimensions are included for each elevation view.
Include vertical dimensions
Counter height
Distance between countertop and bottom of upper cabinet
Upper cabinet height
Overall vertical dimensions are included for each elevation view.
Kitchen Design Considerations
Cabinets can be designed for ease of access or adjustable for future needs.
Standard cabinet dimensions
Base cabinet height = 32”; depth = 24”
Base cabinet may be as high as 42” (for very tall people)
Counter depth = 25”
4” toe kick space is required on base cabinets
Upper cabinet depth = 12”
Upper cabinet height = 30”; over sink height = 18”-24”
Distance between counter and upper cabinet = 18”-30”
Eating bar base cabinet = 36” high with 12”-15” overhang
Drop eating bar = 30” high with a 12” overhang
Considerations should be made for space to open drawers and cabinet doors.
Range, sink, and workspace next to refrigerator should be on the same level
May require at least one counter at a height of 32” for wheelchair access
Provide a 27” recessed space below counter
Provide a larger than normal toe space
Bath Design Considerations
Kitchen cabinet design features can be considered for baths
Toe kick space
Drawer and door swing space
Wall mount sink may be provided but does not allow for counter space and storage
Vanity cabinet height = 28”-32”
Vanity can be designed with recessed space for sitting or wheelchair access
Grab bars are placed to assist movement for handicapped users
Benches can be designed in locations where sitting or transferring from wheelchair is necessary
UNIT F: ADVANCED KITCHEN AND BATHCompetency: 306.00
Design and draw interior elevations for kitchens and baths.Objective: 306.03
Describe plans for kitchen cabinet drawings.
Kitchen cabinet plans consist of large-scale
Floor plan
Typical section drawing
Elevations
Large scale, Kitchen Floor Plan layouts based on manufactured cabinet sizes
Greater detail than on Normal Floor Plan
Shows interior elevation identifiers
Shows page references for large-scale details
Cabinets designed to fit into available floor space using modular cabinet components and dimensions
Detail (Sectional) drawings explain cabinet construction
Drawing elements
Floor line
Ceiling line
Soffit/Fascia layout, if used
Locations of electrical/mechanical systems directly related to cabinetry
Counter tops
Shelves
Back splash
Toe space (clearance)
Cabinet construction elements
Drawing dimensions and annotations
Base cabinet heights
Wall cabinet heights
Distance between countertop and wall cabinets
Back splash height
Counter top thickness
Overall floor to ceiling heights
Wall and base cabinet depths
Soffit/fascia depth
Toe space depth and height
Interior Elevation drawings illustrate cabinet layout and construction
Drawing elements
Sectional drawing of adjacent cabinets
Front view of base and upper cabinets
Front view of appliances
Soffit/Fascia
Walls
Floor and ceiling lines
Optional
Hardware
Dotted lines indicating interior shelves
Visible window and door features
Related electrical and mechanical systems
Dimensions and annotations
Base unit widths
Wall units widths
Overall width of cabinets
Overall width of room
Vertical distances
Materials and finishes
Walls
Ceilings
Counter tops
Back splashes
Cabinets
Drawings are identified with descriptive titles and drawing scale
UNIT F: ADVANCED KITCHEN AND BATHCompetency: 306.00Design and draw interior elevations for kitchens and baths.Objective: 306.04 Draw interior elevation plans for kitchens and baths.
Requirements
Each student is required to produce drawings of a stair plan for a residential structure. This rubric is designed with the assumption that the stair design should include the necessary drawings, dimensions, and notes for total rise, total run, treads, riser type, thickness, stringers, and railing specifications for a typical stair system drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale. Use accepted drafting standards Include title block Time limit: 180 minutes Create a balanced appearance within drawing space Work should reflect an understanding of kitchen and bath cabinetry, symbols, and dimensioning
Assessment: The problem will be evaluated based on the following criteria: Design Concepts Cabinet, Plumbing, and Appliance symbolsDimensions and Annotations Drawing Technique
306.04 Draw interior elevation plans for kitchens and baths.
Each student is required to produce interior elevation plans for a kitchen and bath in a residential structure. This rubric is designed with the assumption that the plan should include the necessary drawings, dimensions, and notes drawn using board techniques or CAD software and plotted to an appropriate scale. Criterion Statements Design Concepts Cabinet sizes and styles available in cabinet manufacturer’s literature
Overall measurements coincide with individual cabinet modular measurements
Design reflects understanding of available cabinet units
Layout reflects accepted standards for kitchen design Cabinet, Plumbing, and Appliance Symbols Includes plan view with identifying elevation indicators
Elevations include section views of intersecting cabinets
Includes cabinet details
Backsplash Toe space Counter top
Shelves Rails and stiles
Floor and ceiling lines
Soffit/fascia details (if used)
Drawings agree with stated dimensions
Cabinet sizes agree with industry standards
Adjacent walls are shown
Visible windows and doors are shown
Handles/knobs locations are shown
Appliances and plumbing fixtures are shown Dimensions and Annotation Annotation and dimensional figures are easily readable
Drawn to industry standards
Provides descriptive titles and drawing scale
Identifiers correctly oriented
Elevation identifiers agree with floor plan
Required dimensions provided
Widths of individual base and wall units
Overall widths
Vertical distances for base and wall units
Vertical distances between base and wall units
Backsplash height
Counter top thickness
Overall floor to ceiling height
Depths of base and wall units
Depth and height of toe space CAD Drawing Technique Setup file for units, limits, grid, snap and layers
File correctly saved
Layers correctly managed
Line types correctly coded
Drawings neatly laid out to balance space on the page
Line connections connect when closely zoomed
Lines are not over-drawn and are continuous lines